1. Introduction to Anatomy

5th Intercostal Space

Gap inferior to the 5th rib, superior to the 6th rib

Adrenaline

Causes quickening of heart beat, strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction, opens up the bronchioles in the lungs and has numerous other effects. Secreted by adrenal glands - part of fight or flight

Aldosterone

Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex that regulates balance of salt and water in body. Binds to mineralocorticoid receptor and up regulates production of a protein which prevents EnaC from being degraded. Enhances sodium reabsorption in DCT of nephron leading to water reabsorption and increase in blood pressure

Cortisol

Steroid hormone by adrenal cortex that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Increases in concentration during times of stress

Faecal Mass

Water matter eliminated from bowels; excrement

Fascia

A sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating or binding together muscles, organs and other soft structures of body

Gall Bladder

A small pear-shaped muscular sac, located under right lobe of liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion

Head of Femur

Most proximal part of the femur, which articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum

Inguinal Ligament

The tough, fibrous ligament that stretches between the lateral edge of the pubic bone and the anterior superior iliac spine

Mediastinum

Region in mammals between the pleural sacs, containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera except the lungs

Medullary

In the medulla or inner core

Neck of femur

Joins the head of the femur to the shaft of the femur

Necrotic

Dead tissue

Noradrenaline

Both a neurotransmitter and a hormone with similar effects to adrenaline

Osteomalacia

Soft bones, often caused by Vitamine D deficiency

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the lining around the heart (the pericardium) causing the chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion)

Peritoneum

The tissue layer of cells lining the inner wall of the abdomen and pelvis

Pyloric Sphincter

Ring of smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum

Severe Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum. Can result from infection, injury and bleeding or diseases

Systemic Sepsis

Presence of bacteria or other infectious organisms or their toxin in the blood (sepicaemia) or in other tissues of the body

Ureters

Tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder

Vermiform Appendix

A small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine (the ascending colon).

What is the anatomical position defined as?

Looking forward, standing upright, palms forward, feet pointing forwards

Transverse

Horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts

Sagital

Vertical plane running from front to back dividing the body into right and left sides

Medial

Sagital plane through the midline of the body

Coronal

Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts

Superior (cranial)

Nearer to head

Inferior (caudal)

Nearer to feet

Anterior (ventral)

Nearer to front

Posterior (dorsal)

Nearer to back

Medial

Nearer to median plane

Lateral

Farther from the median plane

Proximal

Nearer the trunk or point of origin

Distal

Farther from the trunk or point of origin

Superficial

Nearer to or on the surface

Deep

Farther from the surface

Dorsum

Dorsal surface part of hand or foot

Palm

Palmar surface of the hand

Sole

Plantar surface of foot

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5

What is the upper right region of the abdomen?

Right hypochondrium

What is the upper middle region of the abdomen?

Epigastrium

What is the upper left region of the abdomen?

Left hypochondrium

What is the middle right region of the abdomen?

Right lumbar

What is the middle region of the abdomen?

Umbilical

What is the middle left region of the abdomen?

Left lumbar

What is the lower right region of the abdomen?

Right iliac fossa

What is the lower middle region of the abdomen?

Hypogastrium

What is the lower left region of the abdomen?

Left iliac fossa

What separates the upper and middle sections of the abdomen?

Transpyloric plane

What separates the middle and lower sections of the abdomen?

Transtubercular plane

Role 1 of skeleton

Protection of major organs

Role 2 of skeleton

Forming the mechanical basis for movement

Role 3 of skeleton

Haemopoesis: erythrocytes and B lymphoctes are made in bone marrow

Role 4 of skeleton

Storage of salts in bone

What are the 2 types of mature bone?

Compact and spongy

What is another term for mature bone?

Haversian

What is compact bone?

Stong and dense, all bones have a superficial, thin layer of it, provides strength

What is another term for spongy bone?

Cancellous bone

What is spongy bone?

Less dense, with numerous air spaces and forms core of most bones. Forms lighter bones aiding movement.

How does cartilage obtain nutrients and oxygen?

Diffusion

What is hyaline cartilage?

Most widely present type of cartilage

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Articular cartilage in joints and in respiratory system as support for airways

Where is fibrocartilage found?

In articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around the edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge the surface area of socket

What is elastic cartilage?

Highly resilient due to elastic fibers containined in its structure

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx

What is osteoporosis?

Disease of ageing. Characterised by a decrease in bone mass and a corresponding decrease in bone strength with no change in the proportion of calcified to uncalcified base material

What does decreased bone mass lead to?

Increased risk of fractures and bones become more brittle

What type of fracture becomes more common with osteoporosis?

Fracture of neck of femur

What happens after a fracture or break?

Blood vessels in and around the bone rupture and bleed, releasing factors that aid repair

Where is the greater pelvis?

Lies between the two large illum bones

Where is the lesser pelvis?

Deep to the pubic bone

What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?

The female pelvis is flatter and wider than the male

Pericardium

Layer of touch fascia covering the heart

Where is the heart located?

Extends from T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly

Where is the apex of the heart located?

5th intercostal space

Where is the right border of the heart?

Deep to the right border of the sternum

What vertebrae is the arch of the aorta level with?

T4

Where are the lungs located?

Within the thorax, apex just above the 1st rib superiorly level with T1 to the diaphragm inferiorly level with T12 at their most inferior point in the posterior thorax.

Where do the lungs cross the midclavicular line?

Level with the 7th rib

Where does the pleura cross the midclavicular line?

Level with the 9th rib

What is the highest point of the diaphragm?

T9

Where is the diaphragm attached to the body wall?

Level with T12

What is a cardiac tamponade?

Blood or fluid accumulates in the pericardium, compressing the heart, preventing the ventricles from expanding fully.

What causes a cardiac tamponade?

Pericarditis caused by either bacterial or viral infecctions; trauma; heart surgery; a dissecting aortic aneurysm; end stage lung cancer; MI

Esophagus

Muscular tube passes from back of mouth all the way down to the stomach, passing through the diaphragm

What part of the gastrointestinal tract is susceptible to hernias?

The point where the oesophagus passes through the diaphragm

When does a hiatus hernia occur?

The upper part of the stomach squeezes through a gap between the oesophagus and disphragm

Why does the stomach have a low pH?

Provided by gastric secretions, aids digestion and provides an important and physiological barrer against pathogens

What are the three parts of the stomach?

The fundus, body and antrum (pyloric part)

Where is the stomach located?

Just below the diaphragm to the left of the abdominal cavity

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Dueodenum

Proximal section of the intestine, separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

Superior, descending, horizontal and ascending

Jejunum

Middle part of small intestine and begins at duodenojejunal junction.

Where is the liver located?

Upper right quadrant of the abdomen, directly beneath the diaphragm