Modern China First Midterm - Part 3

China Merchant Steamship Co.

First of several “officially supervised, merchant managed” industrial enterprise

Self-strengthening (1874-94)

Period of reform in the late Qing dynasty in which Western methods and technology was introduced in attempts to modernize China’s military, economy, and institutions

Ti-yong

Fundamental concept in Chinese philosophy that refers to the relationship between “essence” and “function”

Yung Wing (1828-1912)

Chinese-American diplomat who was the first Chinese student to graduate from an American university

Sino-French War (1884-85)

Conflict between the French Third Republic and Qing dynasty China for influence in Vietnam

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

Conflict between Japan and China in the Qing dynasty over supremacy in Korea, of which showed Japan emerging as a major world power

100 Days of Reform (1898)

A period in late Qing dynasty China where young Emperor Guangxu attempted to rapidly modernize the country through various reforms. Quickly halted by a coup led by the Empress Dowager Cixi, who imprisoned the emperor and reversed most of the changed

Guangxu Emperor (1875-1908)

11th emperor of the Qing dynasty

Kang Youwei (1858-1927)

Chinese scholar who was influential in guiding the young Guangxu Emperor into enacting the 100 Days’ Reform

Liang Qichao (1873-1929)

Chinese scholar who was influential in his beliefs of modernizing China Per

Scramble for Concessions

A period in the late 19th century where various European powers rapidly sought to establish spheres of influence and lease Chinese ports and territories following China’s defeat in the first Sino-Japanese War

Boxer Uprising (1900)

A violent anti-foreigner rebellion in China led by the Yihetuan in north China in the late Qing dynasty

Zou Rong, Revolutionary Army (1903)

A Han Chinese nationalist who published the Revolutionary Army, a pamphlet that greatly influenced the active revolutionary movements at the time against the Manchu regime

Qiu Jin (1875-1907)

A feminist Chinese revolutionary who was executed after a failed uprising against the Qing dynasty

New Policies (1901-11)

A series of economic, cultural, educational, military, diplomatic, and political reforms implemented in the last decade of the Qing dynasty to keep the dynasty in power after the invasions of the Eight Nation Alliance

Anti-American boycott (1905)

A protest against the Chinese Exclusion Act and discrimination against Chinese immigrants in the United States

End of civil service exams (1905)

In attempts to modernize China and adapt to Western influences, the civil service exams were ended in the late Qing period

Sun’s Revolutionary Alliance (est. 1905)

A political organization aimed at overthrowing the Wing dynasty and establishing a republic

Sun Yatsen [Sun Zhongshan] (1866-1925)

Founder of the Republic of China

Wuhan Uprising (1911)

An armed rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty taking place in southern China

Republic of China (est. 1912)

A sovereign state in mainland China following the Wuhan Rebellion of 1911