BIOLK101 - Large Biological Molecules

Ether

R-O-R

Amide

R-C(=O)-NH2

Carboxylic Acid

R-C(=O)-OH

condensation

dehydration, add 2 monomers to make polymer

hydrolysis

split water to form 2 monomers

4 types of monomers

simple sugar

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotides

4 types of polymers

polysaccharides

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

carbohydrates

made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen to form energy

3 typesof aldoses

glyceraldehyde, ribose, glucose

glyceraldehyde

3 carbons

ribose (nucleic acid)

5 carbons

glucose

6 carbons

galactose

enatiomer of glucose (switch C4)

Where is the Double Bonded Oxygen for Ketoses?

Normally C2

Dihydroxyacetone

3 carbons

ribulose

5 carbons

fructose

6 carbons

Maltose

Glucose + glucose

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose

Lactose

Glucose + galactose

3 types of polysaccharides

starch

cellulose

chitin

starch

OH point down, alpha monomer

cellulose

beta glucose

chitin

structural polysaccharide with an amine group attached, crunchy taste

glycosidic bond

carbs attached to another molecule

what groups does sugars have to form a ring when placed in water?

carbonyl and hydroxyl

What’s another name for lipids

Triacylglycerols

Lipids

1 glyceral, 3 fatty acid tails

How are lipids synthesized?

Dehydration

ester linkage

carboxylic acid + alcohol

What gives lipids their properties?

Double BOnds

Saturated Fats

No double bonds, solid at room temperature

examples of saturated fats

baked goods, beef, cheese

unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature

monounsaturated fats

1 double bond

2 examples of monounsaturated fats

avacado

olive oil

polyunsaturated

2+ double bonds

3 types of polyunsaturated fats

omega

fish

walnuts

trans fats

enantiomer of unsaturated fats, really not great for you

Diacylglycerols

glycerol + 2 fatty acids

Role of Diacylglycerols

cell signalling to help with activating enzymes

phospholipid

glycerol + 1 fatty acid + 1 phosphate

Steroids

non polar, hydrophobic, no fatty acid chains

hormones

all have different structures, lipophobic but still considered a type of lipid

Testosterone

=O group

Estradiol

-OH Group

Protein

chain of amino acids to help repair tissues, support immune funtion, and carry O2 via hemoglobin in blood

What 5 things need to be included in an amino acid

1. alpha carbon

2. carboxyl end

3. amino end

4. hydrogen

   1. R group

R group

Polar (hydrophilic) or charged (carboxyl/amino group within R group)

non polar r group

hydrophobic side chains

Polar R groups

hydrophilic side chains, charged

5 polar R groups

-OH, -SH, -NH2, -COOH, ions

Acidic Polar/charged R group

Hydrophilic side chains, O- (already lost the H+ group)

Basic Polar/Charged R group

hydrophilic side chains, already gained H+ ion

3 types of Basic, Polar/Charged R group

NH3+, NH2+, NH+

what are 4 levels of organization in a protein

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary

amino acid

Primary organization

linear amino acid sequence using peptide bonds

Secondary

alpha helix (point down)

secondary organization

H bonds around a peptide, due to H bond

tertiary

polypeptide chains

tertiary organization

gives chemical and physical properties of a protein, determined by the interactions of R groups

quaternary

protein

quaternary organization

2+ subunits assembling into a single functional protein

example: hemoglobin

what type of interactions does tertiary organization have?

hydrogen

disulfide

polypeptide

hydrophobic interactions

ionic bonds

denaturation

uncoil/break down proteins, using heat or another substance

chaperonins

capsule where proteins can properly get folded