Untitled Flashcards Set

What externally covers an atrium?

Auricle

What is the correct formula for calculating cardiac output?

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate

Blood passes from the legs into the - vena cava and then into the -

Inferior vena cava; right atrium

The human cardiovascular system has two loops. Which loop takes blood from the heart to the body tissues and back?

Systemic loop

The pericardium around the heart is responsible for?

Reducing friction around the heart

A person with type A blood needs a transfusion. What blood type is safe to give them?

Type A or Type O

The hormone that stimulates platelet formation is?

Thrombopoietin

A single hemoglobin molecule can carry - oxygen molecules, and each red blood cell carries - hemoglobin proteins.

4 oxygen molecules; millions of hemoglobin proteins

Blood plasma is made of?

Water, proteins, hormones, gases, salts, minerals, nutrients, enzymes, waste

An erythrocyte is more commonly known as?

Red blood cell

Name 3 formed elements found in whole blood.

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Which formed element is used to determine a hematocrit?

Erythrocyte

Which layer is the buffy coat?

Layer 2

Blood plasma is primarily made of water. What else is found in it?

Proteins, hormones, gases, salts, minerals, nutrients, enzymes, waste

Name 3 ways in which the structure of red blood cells illustrates their function in the body.

Biconcave shape increases surface area; Round sides enable efficient flow; Lack of nucleus prevents oxygen consumption

Why can’t oxygen travel through the blood on its own?

Oxygen is nonpolar

How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin protein carry?

Four

In the center of each heme group can be found an atom of which element?

Iron

What is the function of the cells known as leukocytes?

Protect the body from foreign invaders

Name 4 ways erythrocytes differ from leukocytes.

Erythrocytes lack nuclei; leukocytes have nuclei; Erythrocytes have a fixed lifespan; leukocytes vary; Erythrocyte concentration is constant; leukocytes fluctuate; Erythrocytes stay in blood vessels; leukocytes can move out

What is diapedesis? What type of blood cells use this process?

Movement of leukocytes out of blood vessels

Name 2 differences between granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Granulocytes have lobe-shaped nuclei and visible granules; Agranulocytes have spherical/kidney-shaped nuclei and no granules

Name the 5 types of leukocytes from highest to lowest concentration.

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Blood cells are formed by what process? Where does this occur?

Hematopoiesis; occurs in red bone marrow

The stem cell that differentiates into all others is known as a __________.

Hemocytoblast

Immature erythrocytes have huge numbers of ribosomes. What protein are these ribosomes manufacturing?

Hemoglobin

Describe what happens when oxygen levels drop in the blood.

Kidneys/liver release erythropoietin, stimulating red bone marrow

What does a sphygmomanometer measure?

Blood pressure

Name one of the arteries that can be used to take your pulse and its location.

Carotid – neck; Brachial – elbow; Radial – wrist

An individual has type A blood. You would expect to find A __________ on the erythrocytes and anti-B _____________ in the blood plasma.

Antigens; antibodies

What is hypertension? Explain why this can adversely affect an individual’s health.

High blood pressure; increases resistance, making heart work harder

Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

O

Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?

AB

Two parents (heterozygous blood type A and blood type O) have children. What blood types are possible for the children?

A or O

Which 2 heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium, right ventricle

Which 2 heart chambers contain oxygenated blood?

Left atrium, left ventricle

Briefly explain the 3 steps of hemostasis.

Vessel contraction; Platelet activation; Fibrin mesh formation

What is the difference between an embolus and a thrombus?

Thrombus – stationary clot; Embolus – moving clot

A blood type characterized by erythrocytes that have no A or B antigens on them is:

Type O

An Rh- mother just gave birth to an Rh+ infant. Explain to her the concern for another pregnancy.

Mother forms antibodies; Rhogam prevents future complications

Name the three layers of the pericardium and their functions.

Fibrous pericardium – protection/anchoring; Parietal pericardium – lubrication; Visceral pericardium – lubrication

Name the three layers of heart tissue.

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

What are the 2 cardiovascular circuits and where do they deliver blood?

Pulmonary – lungs; Systemic – body tissues

Blood just returned through the pulmonary veins. It will enter the _______ (chamber) and then pass through the __________ valve.

Left atrium; left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral)

Where are auricles found?

Outside of the atria

Describe the path of an impulse leaving the SA node.

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

What are the two major portions of the cardiac cycle?

Diastole, systole

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume

Describe 2 differences between veins and arteries.

Veins have valves, low pressure; arteries have thicker walls, high pressure

Arteries and veins have 3 tissue layers. Name them starting with the outermost layer.

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima

How can capillaries restrict the flow of blood when it is not needed in a certain tissue?

Sphincters restrict blood flow through the shunt

What major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Aorta

What are the functions of blood?

Transport oxygen, waste, and hormones; regulate temperature, pH, fluid volume; prevent infection, blood loss

What gives blood its color?

Oxygen

Which loop carries blood from the heart to the body?

Systemic loop

Which blood vessels contain blood at high pressure?

Arteries

What prevents backflow of blood?

Valves

What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Systole

What externally covers an atrium?

Auricle

What hormone stimulates platelet formation?

Thrombopoietin