A&PII: Unit 4 Test (Digestive)

General Functions (Digestive System):

Major Digestive Organs

Accessory Digestive Organs

1. The five major functions of the digestive system are:

2. Mastication occurs in the __________ and is a form of __________ digestion.

3. Segmentation occurs in the __________ and functions to __________

4. Chemical digestion involves __________, while mechanical digestion involves __________.

5. What is another term for swallowing?

6. Peristalsis is __________

7. Defecation is the process of __________.

Movement of Food:

8. Trace the Path

Major Digestive Organs- Oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Accessory Digestive Organs- Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

1. Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical/chemical digestion, absorption, elimination

2. Mastication occurs in the mouth and is a form of mechanical digestion.

3. Segmentation occurs in the small intestine and functions to mix food (mechanical digestion).

4. Chemical digestion involves enzymes, while mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown.

5. Deglutition is another term for swallowing.

6. Peristalsis is wave-like contractions that propels food through the GI tract.

7. Defecation is the process of eliminating feces.

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8. Food travels: Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Rectum → Anus.

Peritoneal Structures:

9. The mesentery anchors the __________

10. The mesocolon supports the __________.

11. The greater omentum hangs from the __________, and covers the___________..

12. The lesser omentum connects the __________ to the ___.

Layers of the GI Tract (In Order):

13. The four layers from inner to outer are:

14. The digestive tract produces mucus to __________ and __________.

• In the diagram below be able to label the ascending, descending, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, mesocolon, mesentery.

Mouth:

15. A bolus is __________.

16. Intrinsic tongue muscles …

17. Extrinsic tongue muscles …

18. Salivary amylase begins digestion of __________.

19. Lingual lipase begins digestion of __________.

20. Bicarbonate in saliva helps __________.

21. Lysozyme helps __________.

22. IgA helps __________.

Identify the following structures in the diagram on the right:

• Parotid gland

• Parotid duct

• Submandibular gland

• Sublingual gland

23. The major function of teeth is __________.

24. Another name for cavities is __________.

25. The two major tooth structures affected by cavities are __________ and __________.

9. The mesentery anchors the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.

10. The mesocolon supports the colon.

11. The greater omentum hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach, and covers the small intestine.

12. The lesser omentum connects the stomach to the liver

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13. Mucosa → Submucosa → Muscularis external → Serosa

14. The digestive tract produces mucus to protect and lubricate

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15. Chewed food mass

16. Intrinsic tongue muscles change the shape of the tongue.

17. Extrinsic tongue muscles move the tongue position.

18. Begins digestion of Carbohydrates (starch)

19. Begins digestion of Lipids (fats)

20. Bicarbonate in saliva helps neutralize acids

21. Lysozyme helps destroy bacteria

22. IgA helps immune protection

23. The major function of teeth is mechanical digestion

24. Another name for cavities is dental caries

25. The two major tooth structures affected by cavities are enamel and dentin

Pharynx:

26. Epiglottis function

Esophagus:

27. What structure is at the end of the esophagus, and what does it do?

Stomach:

28. The major type of digestion in the stomach is __________ .

29. Rugae allow the stomach to __________.

30. Gastric pits secrete __________, and mucosa (membrane) is a ___________..

31. The stomach is lined with __________ epithelium.

32. How does chyme form?

33. Pyloric sphincter function.

34. What happens when food enters the stomach?

35. Endocrine cells release __________.

36. Parietal cells release __________.

37. Chief cells release __________.

38. What do Goblet cells prevent?

39. Digestion of __________ begins in the stomach.

40. Pepsin digests __________.

41. Production of HCl …

26. The structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract is the epiglottis

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27. The structure at the end of the esophagus that prevents regurgitation is the Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter/valve

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28. The major type of digestion in the stomach is chemical (protein) digestion

29. Rugae allow the stomach to expand and mix food

30. Gastric pits secrete gastric juice, and the mucosa (membrane) is a barrier

31. The stomach is lined with simple columnar epithelium

32. When bolus mixes with gastric juice it becomes chyme

33. The Pyloric sphincter controls movement into the small intestine.

34. When food enters the stomach, endocrine cells are stimulated.

35. Endocrine cells release Gastrin.

36. Parietal cells releases Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

37. Chief cells release Gastric lipase

38. Goblet cells prevent self-digestion by secreting Mucus

39. Digestion of proteins begins in the stomach

40. Pepsin digests proteins

41. Production of HCL triggers the closing of the Pyloric sphincter/valve.

Small Intestine:

42. The three segments of the SI (first to last) are:

43. Ileocecal valve/sphincter function.

44. Absorptive cells function to __________.

45. Pancreatic proteases digest___.

46. Capillaries absorb __________.

47. Lacteals absorb __________.

48. The SI neutralizes acid using __________.

49. Secretin stimulates the ___ to release __________.

50. Duodenal glands secrete __________.

Large Intestine:

51. What is mass movement?

52. Three major functions of the LI are ...

53. Feces become solid due to __________.

54. The four steps of defecation are:

42. Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

43. Ileocecal valve/sphincter controls movement into the large intestine.

44. Absorptive cells function to absorb nutrients

45. Pancreatic proteases digest proteins

46. Capillaries absorb sugars and amino acids

47. Lacteals absorb fats

48. The SI neutralizes acid using bicarbonate

49. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release Bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

50. Duodenal glands secrete alkaline mucus.

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51. Mass movement is a powerful coordinated wave in the LI.

52. Water absorption, vitamin production, feces formation

53. Feces become solid due to water reabsorption

54. Parasympathetic reflexes stimulate rectal contractions → mass movement → Internal sphincter relaxes → External sphincter relaxes

Accessory Organs:

55. The accessory organs are …

56. The liver produces __________.

57. Bile function.

58. The liver stores __________.

59. The liver detoxifies by __________ .

60. The gallbladder __________ bile.

61. Removal of the gallbladder …

62. The pancreas produces __________.

63. Acinar cells release __________.

55. Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Salivary glands

56. The liver produces bile

57. Bile functions to emulsify fats.

58. The liver stores glycogen

59. The liver detoxifies by processing toxins within the hepatic portal system

60. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile

61. Removal of the gallbladder may cause difficulty digesting fats

62. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes

63. Acinar cells release trypsinogen (inactive enzyme that becomes trypsin, an active enzyme).

Nutrition and Metabolism:

Know the following basic information about the 3 major nutrients that make up the bulk of ingested/absorbed food.

Carbohydrates-

Lipids-

Proteins-

Lipids and Metabolism:

1. Lipids are also known as __________

2. Its structural makeup is ...

3. What is metabolism?

4. Anabolism is...

5. Catabolism is ...

6. What is ATP

7. The two major coenzymes are ...

8. Their function is to __________.

1. Lipids are also known as Triglycerides, a fat stored in the human body.

2. It structural makeup is 1 Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

3. All chemical processes occurring in the body are called Metabolism

4. Anabolism is the process of building/synthesizing molecules

5. Catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules

6. The energy currency of the cell is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

7. The 2 major coenzymes are NAD⁺ and FAD

8. Their function is to carry high-energy electrons to the ETC (electron transport chain) for ATP production

What equation summarizes the many hundreds of chemical reactions involved in Cellular Respiration?

Cellular Respiration:

Be able to LABEL #1-5 in the diagram below.

9. Cellular respiration is __________.

10. The four steps of glucose oxidation are:

Glycolysis:

11. Function: __________

12. Starting compound: __________

13. Produces: _________

14. Occurs in the __________

Acetyl-CoA Formation (Transition Step):

15. Converts __________ into __________

16. Occurs in the __________

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle):

17. Occurs in the __________

18. Products = ___

19. Major end product is more _________ than any other step

Electron Transport Chain (ETC):

20. Occurs in the __________

21. Produces more __________ than any other step

22. Final electron acceptor is __________

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

9. The process of converting glucose into ATP using oxygen

10. Glycolysis → Acetyl-CoA formation → Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb Cycle) → ETC

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11. Function: Break glucose into pyruvate

12. Starting compound: Glucose

13. Produces pyruvic acid and 2 ATP

14. Occurs in the cytoplasm

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15. Converts Pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA

16. Occurs in the mitochondria

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17. Occurs in the mitochondria

18. Products= 2 ATP, Carbon dioxide (CO₂) (gas), FADH2, and NADH

19. Major end product is more NADH than any other step

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20. Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

21. Produces more ATP than any other step

22. Final electron acceptor is Oxygen

What stage of carbohydrate digestion is this?

ATP Production Comparison:

23. Aerobic respiration produces about ___ ATP.

24. Anaerobic respiration produces about ___ ATP.

Carbohydrate Metabolism:

25. What is glycolysis?

26. What is glycogenesis?

27. Glycogen is stored in animals when __________.

28. The hormone that stimulates glycogen storage is __________.

29. Glycogen is stored in the liver to __________.

30. Glycogen is stored in muscles to __________.

31. What is glycogenolysis?

32. The hormone that stimulates this is __________.

33. What is gluconeogenesis?

23. ~ 36–38 ATP

24. 2 ATP

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25. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

26. Glycogenesis is the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage.

27. Blood glucose levels are high (after eating); when there is excess glucose.

28. The hormone that stimulates glycogen storage is insulin.

29. Glycogen s stored in the liver to maintain blood glucose levels

30. Glycogen is stored in muscles to provide energy for muscle contraction

31. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

32. The hormone that stimulates this is Glucagon

33. Gluconeogenesis is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Digestion and Absorption of Fats:

34. __________ is the reaction catabolize lipids (lipolysis).

35. Ketones are __________.

36. Ketones appear in urine when __________.

37. Fats take the __________ time to digest because __________.

38. Ketones are released into urine as a result of ____.

39. Lipogenesis is __________.

40. The five steps of lipid digestion and absorption are:

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins:

41. Excess metabolized proteins are converted to ___ and released in urine as __________.

Temperature Regulation:

42. The structure that controls temperature regulation in the body is the __________.

34. Beta-oxidation is the reaction catabolize lipids (lipolysis).

35. Ketones are byproducts of fat metabolism

36. Ketones appear in urine when the body is using fats for energy (low carbohydrate availability)

37. Fats take the longest time to digest because they require emulsification and complex digestion

38. Ketones are released into urine as a result of fatty acid metabolism.

39. Lipogenesis is formation of fat from excess nutrients

40. Emulsification → Enzymatic digestion (pancreatic lipase) → Micelle formation → Absorption → Reassembly

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41. Excess metabolized proteins are converted to energy and released in urine as urea.

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42. The structure that controls temperature regulation in the body is the Hypothalamus.