Unit 2 Multicultural Psychology

Worldview

Perception of environment will determine how we think, behave, and feel

Etic perspective

An attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures

Emic perspective

An attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture

Imposed etics

The forcing of one culture's worldview on another's culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal

Differing views between men and women regarding worldview

Different experiences leads to different worldviews

Can no longer ignore or dismiss the experiences of others

Previously attempted only etic perspective

Now considering Emic perspective

Individualism

A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with the preferences, needs, and rights of a group or collective in which the individual is a member

Collectivism

A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group's or collective's preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with the preferences, needs, and rights of the individual

Idiocentrism

Individualistic tendencies that reside within an individual

Allocentrism

Collectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual

The horizontal-vertical dimension

A scale of authority from hierarchical to egalitarian

Guilt

A prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of personal regret for having engaged in a negative behavior

Shame

A prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly on their family and/or upbringing.

Losing face

Being publicly revealed for negative behavior

Saving face

Protecting one's public persona

Giving face

Praising someone else in public

Elements of WEIRD

Western, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic

Statistic on research Western research

95% of research is published in Western countries, even though they are a minority collection

Dimensions of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's value orientation model

Time focus, human activity, social relations, people/nature

Time focus

Valuing a time perspective

Human activity

Being: being accepted as you are

Being-in-becoming: evolving into something better

Doing: being valued for the activity you are doing

Social relations

Lineal: Respecting hierarchy within one's family

Collateral: collectivism

Individualistic: individualism

People/nature relationship

Relating to nature (Subjugated to nature, In harmony with nature, Mastery over nature)

Derald Wing Sue's worldview model

One either has an internal or external:

Locus of control: Focus of control over outcomes of one's life

o Focus on control of present and future actions

Locus of responsibility: Focus of responsibility for one's position in life

o Focus on responsibility for past experiences

Internal control/Internal responsibility (Quadrant 1)

We have control and our position is based on our traits

External control/Internal responsibility (Quadrant 2)

We have little control but we are responsible for our position

- Marginal man: Being caught between two worlds

External control/External responsibility (Quadrant 3)

We have little control and society is against us

Internal control/External responsibility (Quadrant 4)

We have control but oppression gets in the way

ALANAs

African Americans, Latinxs, Asian Americans, and Native Americans

VREGs

Members of visible racial/ethnic groups

BIPOCs

Black, Indigenous, People of Color; Emphasizing darker skin

Ethnic Minority Worldview

Different experiences leading to confusion and conflict

The power of representation

Worldview based on Social Class

Materialism: Issues with money, possessions, and other valued objects

Social class behaviors: etiquette and accents

Lifestyles: leisure time

Cooperative principle

We should communicate with one another sincerely and effectively

Quality

Tell the truth

Quantity

Balanced conversation

Relevance

Stick to the topic

Manner

Speak appropriately to partner

Relations with conversational partner

Use previous relationship

to avoid repeating shared experiences

Rule violations

Let partners know if violations occur

Nonverbal Aspects of Language

Proxemics, kinesics, haptics, paralanguage

Proxemics

Personal space in conversations

Kinesics

Bodily movements in conversations

Haptics

Physical contact between conversational partners

Paralanguage

Nonverbal vocal cues in conversation, such as loudness of voice, silences, and rates of speech

High-context communication

Context or societal rules carry communication, less confrontation

Low-context communication

Language carries the communication

Direct communication

Blunt communication, straight to the point

Indirect communication

Relies on context and receiver's ability to guess

African American patterns of communication

Concern with:

Negative stereotyping

Acceptance

Personal expressiveness

Authenticity

Understanding

Power dynamics

Negative Stereotyping (AA)

Placing AA's in a negative light

Acceptance (AA)

Feeling that one is accepted

Personal Expressiveness (AA)

Speaking from the heart

Authenticity (AA)

Being truthful and not trying to be politically correct

Understanding (AA)

Partner has enough experience to understand AA experience

Goal attainment

Goal of mutual understanding between partners

Power Dynamics (AA)

Powerlessness and assertiveness in conversations

Latinx patterns of communication

More contact with partners

More collectivistic

Use of dichos: Proverbs, sayings and metaphors to communicate values

Collectivism, fatalism, present-time orientation, being orientation, family values

Judgment of gendered characteristics

Characteristics deemed "male" are often associated with being mentally healthy

Feminine communication seen as inferior

Field Sensitive

Women tend to rely on external validation of their perceptions

Field Insensitive

Men tend not to rely on external validation of their own perceptions

Tag questions

questions added to a statement of assertion

Qualifiers

Words or phrases that soften statements

Additive bilingualism

Second language does not replace native language

Subtractive bilingualism

Second language replaces native language (sometimes called language attrition)

Native bilingualism

Ability to speak two languages from birth. Acquired because both languages are spoken in household