Carbon Compounds and Macromolecules Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering topics on organic carbon compounds, functional groups, polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins based on lecture notes.

Organic Compound

A compound containing carbon.

Isomers

Compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures and hence different properties.

Structural Isomers

Isomers characterized by differences in the covalent arrangement of their carbon skeletons.

Cis-trans Isomers

Isomers characterized by differing arrangements around double bonds.

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other.

Hydroxyl Group

A chemical group present in alcohols, such as Ethanol.

Carbonyl Group

A chemical group present in Ketones and Aldehydes, such as Acetone and propaned.

Carboxyl Group

A chemical group present in Carboxylecidal olgandid.

Amino Group

A chemical group present in amines, such as Glycine.

Sulfhydryl Group

A chemical group present in thiols, such as Cysteine.

Phosphate Group

A chemical group present in organic phosphate, such as Glycerol phosphat.

Methyl Group

A chemical group present in methyl compounds, such as 5-Methylcytosine.

ATP

A molecule consisting of 3 phosphates that can react with water.

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Monomers

The building blocks of polymers.

Dehydration

A reaction that joins monomers together by losing water and releasing $H_2O$.

Hydrolysis

A process that breaks bonds between monomers by adding water.

Glycosidic Linkage

A covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar monomers including hexoses like glucose and fructose, pentoses like Ribase, and 3-carbon sugars like Glyceraldehyde.

Polysaccharides

Macromolecules and polymers consisting of 100 to thousands of monosaccharides, classified into storage polysaccharides (such as Stach) and structural polysaccharides (such as cellulose).

Lipids

Molecules that mix poorly with water and do not include true polymers.

Saturated Fats

Fats with no double bonds between carbon atoms, such as butter.

Unsaturated Fats

Fats having one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom, such as oil.

Phospholipids

Lipids similar to fatty acids that have only 2 fatty acid chains, block water, form a boundary between the cell and environment, and establish different eukaryotic cell compartments.

Steroids

Lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of fused rings, such as Chilestials.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions.

Amino Acid

An organic molecule consisting of an amine group and a carboxyl group along with an R group.

Polypeptide

A polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

Storage Protein

A protein responsible for the storage of amino acids.

Hormonal Protein

A protein responsible for the coordination of an organism's activities.

Contractile and Motor Proteins

Proteins responsible for movement.

Defensive Proteins

Proteins responsible for protection against disease.

Transport Proteins

Proteins responsible for the transport of substances.

Receptor Proteins

Proteins responsible for the response of a cell to chemical stimuli.

Structural Proteins

Proteins that provide support.

Nonpolar Side Chains

Hydrophobic amino acid R groups.

Polar Side Chains

Hydrophilic amino acid R groups.

Electrically Charged Side Chains

Hydrophilic amino acid R groups that carry an electrical charge.