C3.1 Integration of body

Where does a sensory neuron send a stimuli to?

Spinal Cord and Cerebrel Hemisphere in Central Nervous system 

Specific neurons used as an Output from Cerebral Hemisphere to stimulate Muscle is called….

Motor Nuerons.

What is a nerve?

The bundle of nerve fibres of both sensory and motor neurons.

What is a Reflex Arc

Neurons which mediate the reflex response

Explain how Pain Reflex Arc is being used.

1. The pain is detected with sensory receptors

2. The message is sent to interneuron which joins sensory neurons and motor neurons in the Grey Matter Area of Spinal Cords

3. The motor neurons send impulses toward the region of the pain to remove itself form it.

What is Melatonin

Melatonin is a Hormone secreted by Pineal Gland to regulate Circadian Rhythm

What is Epinephrine Hormone.

And a function of it

And How is it being transferred

Epinephrine Hormone is amine hormone that is produced by adrenal gland.

It prepares body for vigorous physical activity by increasing heart rate by facilitatinig intense muscle conttaption.

Through blood stream to the target organs

It stimulate the sugar metabolism by breakdown of glycogen

Which two parts of the brain controls the hormone secretion 

Hypothelamus and Pituitary gland

What are three types of Hormones which are secreted by Pituitary Gland

1. Growth

2. Development changes

3. Reproduction

4. Homeostasis

What are two Hormones that are produced by pituitary gland

1. ADH - regulate water balance and control blood pressure

2. Oxytocin

What are hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland controlled by hypothalamus and their functions.

1. Prolactin - Involved in milk production

2. FSH - Involves in the growth of the foilicles

3. LH - involves in the growth of the ovulation (For female) Involves in the growth of the sperm production (For male)

4. TSH - Induces thyroid gland to produce thyroxine and other thyroid hormones.

5. Somatotropin or Growth Hormones(GH) stimulate cell growth and regeneration of Bones and Soft tissues.

What are two sensory neurons that induces the reflex effects on the cardiovascular system and respiratory system.

Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors are two sensory neurons that send information to the medulla oblongata in the brain stem to induce reflex effects to respiratory and cardiovascular system.

How does Baroreceptors detect information about blood volume and pressure to medulla oblongata.

Baroreceptors detec the blood voleme and pressure by measuring how stretched the blood vessels are. Larger the stretch, more and higher the blood volume and pressure are.

Higher the stretch, more impulses are sent.

Lower the stretch, lower the impulses are sent to medulla oblongata.

Higher the impulses sent by baroreceptors are, the feedback reflex effect which reduces the heart rate is induced which reverses the blood pressure to normal. 

How does Chemoreceptors detect oxygen level in the bloodstream.

1. The blood gets deoxygenated via excersizing or being in the high altitude

2. Carbon dioxide level increases in the bloodstream

3. The dissolved carbon dioxide react with water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase to from hydrogen ion and carbonic acid ion

4. This decreases the Ph level of the blood

5. Chemoreceptors monitor CO2, O2 and Ph level of the bloodstream.

6. The chemoreceptor sends signal to medulla oblongata.

7. Medulla oblongata sends nerve impulses to external intercostal muscle and diaphragm through intercostal nerve to increase the rate of ventillation.

8. Also the rate of heart increases.

What system is in charge of the digestion.

And what is is comprised of?

The nervous system in charge of enteric nervous system is called, Enteric Nervous System (ENS).

ENS is in walls of the specialized organs that make up the digestive system, the sympathetic (Control Fight or Flight response) and parasympathetic (Control rest and digestion) nervous systems in the spinal cord and the Central Nervous System (CNS) in the brain.

What is periostalsis

Peristalsis is a movement of smooth muscles in the wall of these organs contract and relax in a coordinated sequence, creating a pushing motion.

What part of the food digestion is voluntary controlled and involuntarily controlled.

Swallowing of food and egestion of faeces is under voluntary control by CNS

Peristalsis between these points is under involuntarily control under ENS. Sensory neuron in ENS detects thernal change, chemical change or mechanism stimulus energy and send impulses to interneurons connected synapses

What are negative tropism and positive tropism

Positive tropism refers to growth toward stimulus

Negative tropism refers to growth against stimulus

What are the examples of positive tropism and negative tropism.

Positive tropism- Most roots are positively gravitropic.

Most shoots are positively phototropic and negatively gravitropic

How is positive gravitropism is achieved 

1. Pigment detects a light intensities

2. Then auxin(Growth promotional phytohormone ) is redistributed across the shoots causing differential growth to direct the growth toward the source of light.

What are three function of phytohormones.

1. Growth - example Gibberlin promotes stem growth

2. Development - example Fruit ripening is promoted by the phytohormone ethylene is many pkants.

3. Response to a stimuli - tropic response- Tendrils coiling around plants- Communication using electric rapid responses- Phytohormone Jasmonic acid triggers the subsequent secretion of enzyme to digest a fly.

Auxin diffuse

1. Auxin diffuse into cell if carboxyl group is uncharged

2. The cytoplasm of the plant cell is alkaline. So the auxin loses H ion from carboxyl and become negatively charged

3. This traps auxin to be trapped inside cell

4. Auxin efflux carriers can negatively pump out negatively charged auxin out from cell using ATP

5. The cell wall is acidic so negatively charged auxin regains the hydrogen ion and it reverts back uncharged state

6. So that it can diffuse into another adjacent cell

Auxin

Efflux carriers are placed at the same end of the cell so that auxin can pump out to in the same direction, creating a concentration gradient.

celllose molecules are main components of cell wall

Cellose molecules are inelastic so a microfibril can not stretch or extend in length

Therefore the extension of cell wall involves microfibril moving further apart or sliding past each other.

Cellulose microfibril are crosslinked in cell walls by a variety of other carbohydrates, including pectin

The strength of the crosslink is influenced by Ph value,

Decrease in Ph value weakens the crosslink, allowing the cell wall to extend.

Auxin promotes the synthesis of Hydrogen ion pump