Ancient exam 3

Wine evidence

• Vine-root cavities of a large commercial vineyard near the Pompeian Amphitheatre a on site room was set up for wine pressing and a shed embedded with dolia which could each fill 40 amphorae

• Smaller vineyards adjoining the Inn of Euxinus and the Inn of the Gladiators have been found

• Pliny the Elder discusses the potency of Pompeian wines stating the “Pompeian wines are rather dangerous” and can “cause a headache”

Leisure activities

• Baths

• games

• ball games

• hunts

• swimming

• brothel

Garum evidence

• Hundreds of labeled garum containers of a distinctive shape were found at Pompeii this implies to historians the popularity of the sauce

• Pliny the Elder “No other liquid except unguents has come to be more highly valued” this supports the earlier claim

• Mosaic of a garum urceus, from the House of Umbricius Scaurus, and has a stopper in it indicating it was used for trade

Why is the Estate of Julia felix important

• Example of females roles in the economy

• Private bath facilities

Where is the Fullery of Stephanus located.

On the Via dell'Abbondanza

What house is this?

House of the Faun

Where is the temple of jupiter

D

What building is this?

Basilica

what was the forum

The hub of the city as it served as markets, had several public buildings, temples and was also used for games and festivals.

What are the public buildings in the Forum

The Basilica , the comitium and the municipal offices

List the 4 temples in the Forum

1. the temple of Vespasian

2. The temple of Lares

3. the temple of Apollo

4. the temple of Jupiter

What is evidence of imperial religion

The temple of Vespasian

Evidence of international religion

Temple of Isis and temple of Apollo

role of women in politics

Women were not allowed to vote or participate in politics but did have influence as they could be rich in their own right.

Slaves

• came from war

• slave womens children were automatically slaves

Freedmen

slaves would be freed either by their master or they paid for it. They could become very rich and influential. If their children were born after being freed they were freeborn,

Who could vote

Free born men

Who could be a politician

Freeborn men

The two magistrates

Duumviri

junior magistrates

Aediles

Duumviri role

• Oversaw justice

• Responsible for public money

• presided over the town council

• Carried out decrees

• Supervised public works

• Collected fines

• Expected to provide spectacles using their own money

Duumviri quinquennales

Every five years the duumviri were given special censorial power to revise citizen lists and the roll of the town council.

Who were the Duumviri?

They were the two chief magistrates that served for one year and required to wear purple boarded togas and given certain privileges such as the best seats at games

Evidence of the political life

Inscriptions, Graffiti, election slogans.

What does this fresco represent?

This fresco is evidence of the political campaign or requirements of an Aedile or duumvir in giving free bread to the people to gain their favor.

Role of the aediles

• Responsible for street, public buildings, temples and markets day to day maintenance

• Granted permits to stall holders who occupied public land

• granted permits to erect alters to make votive offerings

• maintained public order

• provided public games with own funds

Who elected the Duumviri and aediles

The comitium annually

Who were the aediles

They were junior magistrates and responsible for the day to day they also wore purple togas and had special privileges at theatre and games

curia

• comprised of 80-100 wealthy freeborn citizens over 25

• membership determined by the duumviri

• they settled community debts from private funds

• responsible for city finance, religious matters, public business

• life membership

• Actors and innkeepers excluded from membership

Comitium

made up of male citizens over 25

What is a Patron?

Powerful local Pompeians offered both protection and assistance to individuals

Client

They would give support to patrons who helped them

The Eumachia building

• Built by the peistress for the fuliones indicated by the inscription

• statue of Eumachia in the back

The Macellum

• fish and meat market

• shrine for the imperial cult

• remains of grapes, plums, lentils, chestnuts, bread and goat/sheep bones

• scales and fish bones

The holitorium

• grain market

Mensa Ponelena

• measurements to check you purchased the correct amount.

Temple of Vespasian altar tell us

about sacrifice rituals

What activities occurred in the bathing complexes?

• Bathing

• exercise

• socialising

• relaxing

Which private homes in Pompeii had their own baths?

• House of the Faun

• House of the Menander

• House of the Silver Wedding

Name the five public baths that have been excavated in Pompeii

• That Stabian Baths (oldest)

• The Forum Baths

• The central Baths

• Suburban Baths

• The Sarno Baths

Name the three public baths that have been excavated in Herculaneum

• The Suburban Baths

•  The Central baths

• South-Western bath

What evidence indicates that baths may have been open night and day?

The 1000 oil lamps were discovered in the Forum baths revealing the complexes were either open during the evening or before sunrise

Explain how the hypocaust system works

Consists of an open space below a floor. Gases from a fire or furnace below heat this space. The system allows hot air to circulate and warm the room above.

Flow of rooms that are attended

1. Apodyterium

2. tepidarium

3. caldarium

4. frigidarium

What is the purpose of the Apodyterium ?

locker room

What are the main features of the Apodyterium?

Shelving

What is the purpose of the Tepidarium?

To prepare for the hot room, they cleaned themselves using olive oil and then scraped dirt and sweat off of them

What are the main features of the Tepidarium?

it received its light through clerestory windows on the sides, the front, and the rear, and would seem to have been the hall in which the finest treasures of art were placed.

What is the purpose of the Caldarium?

sweat bath

the main features of the Caldarium?

Closest to the furnace, large marble bath

What is the purpose of the Frigidarium?

refreshing contrast from the hot bath

What are the main features of the Frigidarium?

Circular room, hole in the ceiling, dome roof, furthest away from the furnace

Examples of industries

• Garum

• Wine

• Olive oil

Examples of occupations

• Baker

• garum

• wine seller

Examples of Agriculture

• orchids

• wheat

• sheep

Examples of trade

Garum and wine

Examples of Commerce

• Many shops in pompeii

• markets

  • holitorium

  • macellum

• Bars and inns

• Thermopolium