Sub-topic 4.2 Access to Fresh Water

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9 Terms

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Inequitable distribution

the water resources are not equally available to all - only to the rich

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Physical water scarcity

the climate in that region is dry and/or the water is being over-extracted for human use, either for domestic, agricultural or industrial use. This may be for industrial uses or irrigation.

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Economic water scarcity

Probably means that physical infrastructure is not in place to ensure that clean safe water is available to the population

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Freshwater supplies limited by

contamination and unsustainable abstraction

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abstraction

taking water out of the water table

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demand for freshwater limited due to

population increase, irrigation, industrialisation

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water supplies enhanced by

reservoirs, redistribution, desalinisation, artificial recharge of aquifers and rainwater harvesting; artificial glaciers, cloud seeding

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water conservation strategies

drip irrigation, variable flush toilets, timed showers instead of baths, tap aerators to reduce water flow out of high pressure taps, use of grey water / storm runoff / reclaimed wastewater (already used for washing) for gardens and toilets, dry toilets, switching off tap while brushing teeth, metering water, fining companies for leaks and wasted water

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water case studies

Nile River - International Water Rights - potential conflict; Aral Sea - Cash crops and poor water management; Lake Baikal - pollution and endagered species; Great Lakes - overfishing, invasive species, pollution; Mono Lake water diversion; Colorado River - Dams and over extraction; Salton Sea - Agricultural run-off; Dead Sea - water security and over extraction.