Connections Exam 1

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques

ethos

credibility

pathos

emotional appeal

logos

an appeal based on logic or reason

Darwinism

the theory of the evolution of species by natural selection advanced by Charles Darwin.

Origin of Species

1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Cicero

Rome's greatest public speaker; he argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers

Quintilian

A Roman educator who believed that the ideal orator should not only be an eloquent speaker, but also a lover of wisdom and virtue.

Eloquentia Perfecta

pursuit of perfect eloquence

Logic fallacies

Errors in the reasoning process caused by the failure to apply sound logic

Kairos

Building a sense of urgency for your cause

Context

The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.

Occasion

the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written

Purpose

the goal the speaker wants to achieve

Toulmin Argument

a method of informal logic used to shape credible arguments

Toulmin Method

Claim, Data, Warrant, Backing, Counter Claim and Rebuttal

Data (grounds/evidence)

support for your claim: facts, stats, quotes, research, personal experiences

Claim

the writer's position on an issue or problem

Qualifier

In the Toulmin model, uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.

Warrant

to justify or deserve

Backing

In the Toulmin model, consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority.

Rebuttal

a refutation or contradiction

Essentialism

a line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones

Scala Naturae

life-forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity

Zhuang Zhou

Ancient Chinese scholar that wrote about the struggle for survival among individuals and how organisms change over time

Carl Linnaeus

The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within groups

Natural theology

The knowledge we can have about God and his attributes simply through using reason, apart from revelation.

St. Thomas Aquinas

believed that it was possible to prove rationally that God exists

John Ray

Pioneered the science of taxonomy and originated the idea of species

William Payley

Natural Theology

Teleological Argument

Since the universe—with all its complexity, precision, and efficiency—looks like it was designed by an intelligent being, it most likely was designed by an intelligent being—specifically, God.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Catastrophism

A principle that states that geologic change occurs suddenly

Georges Cuvier

(1769-1832) Largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils. Advocated catastrophism.

Uniformitarianism

A principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes

Charles Lyell

effectively discredited the long-standing view that the earth's surface had been formed by short-lived cataclysms, such as biblical floods and earthquakes-his principle: uniformitarianism: same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed the earth's surface over an immensely long time

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Inheritance of Acquired Traits

traits that are attained are passed on to offspring

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Alfred Wallace

Came up with the idea of natural selection to explain evolution, joint published with Darwin

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Antibiotic resistance

the ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of an antibiotic

Fossil record

information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived, and the order in which they lived

Biogeography

study of the distribution of organisms around the world

Continental drift

The hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations

Plate tectonics

A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move.

Pseudoscience

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.

Empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Batson's theory on altruism

altruism has 3 motives - selfish: social reward + personal distress // selfless: empathic concern

Rhetorical listening

Opening yourself to the thoughts of others and making the effort not only to hear their words but to take those words in and fully understand what people are saying

Self-empathy

The capacity to notice, care about, and respond to our own felt needs as generously as we attend to the needs of others.

Benjamin Hawkins

wanted Creek Indians to adopt the ways of the settlers

Immanuel Kant

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment-separated science and morality into separate branches of knowledge-science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason

Monogenesis

the theory that humans are all descended from a single pair of ancestors

Buffon's Rule

environmentally similar but isolated regions have distinct assemblages of birds and mammals

Anton Wilhelm Amo

From Ghana, Africa (1703-1759) he gained a considerable reputation as a rationalist philosopher and was appointed lecturer at University of Halle, Germany