Transport and Gaseous Exchange in Animals

Practices flashcards covering transport and gaseous exchange mechanisms in various invertebrates and vertebrates based on lecture notes.

Which animal belongs to the Phylum Porifera and has no circulatory system?

Sponge

In which phylum is the Hydra categorized, utilizing a gastrovascular cavity for transport?

Phylum Cnidaria

What is the transport cavity used by a Hydra for both food digestion and circulation?

Gastrovascular cavity

Which animal from Phylum Nematoda lacks a circulatory system and has a mouth and an anus?

Roundworm

What is the name of the excurrent opening in a sponge?

Osculum

Which two animals are provided as examples of an open circulatory system?

Snail and Grasshopper

Which two animals are provided as examples of a closed circulatory system?

Earthworm and Octopus

What fluid is found in the sinuses surrounding the organs in an open circulatory system?

Hemolymph

What is the relative efficiency of an open circulatory system?

Not very efficient

What size of animals typically has an open circulatory system?

Smaller animals

In a closed circulatory system, what two fluids are distinct?

Blood and Interstitial fluid

What are the heart-like structures found in an earthworm's circulatory system?

Lateral hearts and Auxiliary hearts

In an earthworm, what is the name of the main heart vessel?

Dorsal vessel

How does the movement of $O_2$ and $CO_2$ occur across moist respiratory surfaces in skin-breathing invertebrates?

Entirely by diffusion

In what type of habitat can skin-breathing invertebrates survive for extended periods?

Damp or aquatic habitat

In tracheal systems, where are the spiracles located on the body?

Thorax and abdomen

What are the small holes called through which air enters the tracheal system?

Spiracles

What tubes distribute air through the body in a tracheal system and come into close contact with cells?

Trachea and tracheoles

How many heart chambers do Fishes have?

$2$ ($1$ atrium, $1$ ventricle)

What is the circulation type found in Fishes?

Single circulation

What is the blood flow pathway in Fishes?

Heart $\rightarrow$ Gills $\rightarrow$ Body $\rightarrow$ Heart

Why is the efficiency of a fish's circulatory system considered lower?

Blood passes through the heart once and loses pressure after the gills

How many heart chambers do Amphibians have?

$3$ ($2$ atria, $1$ ventricle)

What type of circulation do Amphibians possess?

Double circulation

Where does the mixing of blood occur in an amphibian's heart?

In the single ventricle

What is the circulation pathway for an Amphibian?

Heart $\rightarrow$ Lungs/Skin $\rightarrow$ Heart $\rightarrow$ Body

How many heart chambers do Birds & mammals have?

$4$ ($2$ atria, $2$ ventricles)

What is the efficiency level of the Birds & mammals circulatory system?

Very high

What biological needs does the very high efficiency of bird and mammal circulatory systems support?

High metabolism and body temperature

What structural feature characterizes the blood flow in Birds & mammals hearts?

Complete separation

What organ, rich in blood capillaries, is used for gaseous exchange in Fish?

Gills

How do Fish take in water for respiration?

Through their mouth

Where does water exit the fish's body during respiration?

The gill slits

Which system allows for efficient $O_2$ uptake by flowing water and blood in opposite directions?

Counter-Current Exchange System

How does the Counter-Current Exchange System benefit a fish's respiration?

It maintains a steep concentration gradient for $O_2$

What three organs are used for gaseous exchange in a Frog?

Skin, lungs, and buccal cavity

What is cutaneous respiration?

Respiration through the skin

When do frogs mostly use cutaneous respiration?

Mostly in water, or during rest on land

What is pulmonary respiration?

Respiration via the lungs

What is the air pathway for a frog's pulmonary respiration?

Air $\rightarrow$ nostrils $\rightarrow$ lungs

What is buccopharyngeal respiration?

Respiration that occurs through the lining of the mouth cavity

What are the physical characteristics of a frog's buccal cavity that allow gas exchange?

Moist and thin-walled

What specific structures are used by birds for gaseous exchange along with lungs?

Air sacs

What are the nostrils of a bird called?

Nares

What are the tiny tubes in bird lungs where gas exchange occurs?

Parabronchi

What is the direction of $O_2$ and $CO_2$ diffusion in the parabronchi?

$O_2$ into the blood and $CO_2$ into the air

During inhalation in birds, where does fresh air go first?

Posterior air sacs

During inhalation in birds, where does air from the lungs move?

Anterior air sacs

During bird exhalation, where does air from the posterior sacs go?

The lungs

During bird exhalation, where does air from the anterior sacs go?

Outside the body

What is the primary benefit of the bird's air sac system?

Constant flow of $O_2$ through the lungs

According to the bird's breathing cycle, what happens during the 1st inhale?

Air moves through/past lungs to posterior air sacs

According to the bird's breathing cycle, what happens during the 1st exhale?

Air moves to lung tissue

According to the bird's breathing cycle, what happens during the 2nd inhale?

Waste air moves to anterior air sacs

According to the bird's breathing cycle, what happens during the 2nd exhale?

Waste air leaves the body (anterior air sacs $\rightarrow$ trachea)

Which invertebrates are mentioned to have a water-based transport system through a central cavity?

Sponge (Porifera)

How is $O_2$ uptake efficiency described in fish gills?

Efficient due to the maintains of a steep concentration gradient

How many atria do bird and mammal hearts contain?

$$2$$

How many ventricles do bird and mammal hearts contain?

$$2$$

What is the significance of the buccal cavity remaining moist and thin-walled in frogs?

It allows gas exchange and supplements breathing through the lungs