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54 Terms

1
civil liberties
Limitations on the power of government, designed to ensure personal freedoms.
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2
conscientious objector
A person who claims the right to refuse to perform military service on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion.
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3
double jeopardy
A prosecution pursued twice at the same level of government for the same criminal action.
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4
due process clause
Provisions of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments that limit government power to deny people 'life, liberty, or property' on an unfair basis.
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5
economic liberty
The right of individuals to obtain, use, and trade things of value for their own benefit.
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6
eminent domain
The power of government to take or use property for a public purpose after compensating its owner.
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7
establishment clause
The provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from endorsing a state-sponsored religion.
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8
exclusionary rule
A requirement that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure cannot be used to try someone for a crime.
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9
free exercise clause
The provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from regulating religious beliefs and practices.
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10
Miranda warning
A statement by law enforcement officers informing a person arrested of that person's rights.
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11
obscenity
Acts or statements that are extremely offensive by contemporary standards.
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12
Patriot Act
A law passed by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks to broaden federal powers to monitor electronic communications.
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13
plea bargain
An agreement between the defendant and the prosecutor in which the defendant pleads guilty to charges in exchange for a more lenient punishment.
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14
prior restraint
A government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it.
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15
probable cause
Legal standard for determining whether a search or seizure is constitutional.
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16
right to privacy
The right to be free of government intrusion.
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17
search warrant
A legal document allowing police to search and/or seize persons or property.
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18
selective incorporation
The gradual process of making guarantees of the Bill of Rights apply to state governments.
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19
self-incrimination
An action or statement that admits guilt or responsibility for a crime.
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20
Sherbert test
A standard for deciding whether a law violates the free exercise clause.
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21
symbolic speech
A form of expression that communicates an idea without words.
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22
undue burden test
A means of deciding whether a law that restricts abortion is constitutional.
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23
affirmative action
Programs and policies designed to assist groups historically subject to discrimination.
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24
American Indian Movement (AIM)
A Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee in 1973.
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25
Black codes
Laws passed after the Civil War that discriminated against African Americans.
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26
Brown v. Board of Education
The 1954 Supreme Court ruling declaring segregation in public education as unconstitutional.
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27
civil disobedience
An action taken to demonstrate that a law is unjust.
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28
comparable worth
A doctrine calling for equal pay for workers requiring the same job qualifications.
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29
coverture
A legal status of married women where their separate legal identities are erased.
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30
de facto segregation
Segregation that occurs due to social patterns rather than legal requirements.
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31
de jure segregation
Segregation that results from government actions.
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32
direct action
Civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregation.
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33
disenfranchisement
The revocation of someone's right to vote.
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34
equal protection clause
A provision of the Fourteenth Amendment requiring equal treatment under the law.
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35
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
A proposed amendment to prohibit discrimination based on sex.
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36
glass ceiling
An invisible barrier preventing women from reaching top levels in organizations.
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37
grandfather clause
A provision allowing certain individuals to bypass literacy tests based on their ancestors' voting rights.
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38
hate crime
Criminal acts directed against someone based on biases related to identity.
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39
intermediate scrutiny
The court standard for cases of gender discrimination.
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40
Jim Crow laws
Laws promoting racial segregation and undermining Black voting rights post-Reconstruction.
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41
literacy tests
Tests requiring voters to demonstrate reading comprehension, often used to disenfranchise minorities.
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42
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 1896 ruling that allowed 'separate but equal' segregation.
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43
poll tax
An annual tax imposed to restrict voting rights.
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44
rational basis test
The court standard for most forms of discrimination.
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45
Reconstruction
The period during which Confederate states were reorganized before reentry into the Union.
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46
Stonewall Inn
A bar where the modern Gay Pride movement began after protests against police treatment.
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47
strict scrutiny
The highest standard of judicial review used for racial discrimination cases.
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48
Title IX
Education amendments prohibiting discrimination based on sex.
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49
Trail of Tears
The forced migration of Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma.
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50
understanding tests
Tests used to disenfranchise voters based on their ability to explain texts.
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51
white primary
A primary election restricted to White voters.
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52
blue law
A law created to uphold religious standards, like prohibiting Sunday alcohol sales.
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53
civil rights
Guarantees of equal treatment by government authorities.
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54
common-law right
A right rooted in legal tradition rather than constitutional provisions.
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