CRSC 2 - MIDTERMS

Philippines

is still primarily an agricultural country.

Philippine Agriculture

Most citizens still live in rural areas and support themselves through agriculture.

4 sub-sectors of agriculture

Farming

4 sub-sectors of agriculture

Fisheries

4 sub-sectors of agriculture

Livestock

4 sub-sectors of agriculture

Forestry

Country’s most agricultural crops

Rice

Country’s most agricultural crops

Corn

Country’s most agricultural crops

Coconut

Country’s most agricultural crops

Sugarcane

Country’s most agricultural crops

Banana

Country’s most agricultural crops

Pineapple

Country’s most agricultural crops

Coffee

Country’s most agricultural crops

Mangoes

Country’s most agricultural crops

Tobacco

Country’s most agricultural crops

Abaca

Global Rice Production and Consumption

China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Burma, Japan, Brazil

Secondary crops

Peanut

Secondary crops

Cassava

Secondary crops

Camote

Secondary crops

Garlic

Secondary crops

Onion

Secondary crops

Cabbage

Secondary crops

Eggplant

Secondary crops

Calamansi

Secondary crops

Rubber

Secondary crops

Cotton

Export countries

USA, Japan, Europe, and ASEAN countries.

Export products

coconut oil and other products, fruits and vegetables, banana, prawns.

Concerns of Agriculture

rampant conversion of agricultural land for commercial uses;

Concerns of Agriculture

farmer’s continued reliance on chemical based fertilizers or pesticides;

Concerns of Agriculture

environmental damage; water pollution, coral reef destruction, forest destruction

Concerns of Agriculture

lacks funding of critical projects; irrigation systems

PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

Indo- Malayan migrants brought with them wet-rice agriculture, with carabao as a source of animal power for cultivation. This type of agriculture predominated near bodies of water like rivers and lakes.

PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

Slash-and-burn or kaingin culture or non-plow farming predominated in other areas. This indicated shifting agriculture rather than sedentary type of rice culture and the tribes were mainly nomadic.

PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

Farms were small, and chiefly backyard in coastal and riverbank settlements.

PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

Most barangays were self-sufficient.

PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

Land was abundant and population was estimated to about 500,000 by the mid-16th century.

PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

Private land ownership did not exist.

COLONIAL PERIOD

This period introduced a non-producing class for which Filipinos produced surpluses, leading to an increase in agricultural production.

COLONIAL PERIOD

The development of haciendas allowed for the introduction of technological innovations in production and processing like steam or hydraulic-powered sugar mills.

POST WAR PERIOD

Introduction of technological improvements. 1950’s-1960’s

POST WAR PERIOD

campaign for use of modern farm inputs and farm mechanization.

POST WAR PERIOD

building up of market for tractors and power tillers.

POST WAR PERIOD

Establishment of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).

POST WAR PERIOD

Introduction of high yielding rice varieties which was also termed the green revolution.

POST WAR PERIOD

Further development and expansion of international agricultural trading especially coconut and its by-products, tobacco, sugar, pineapple, etc.

Crop

The produce of cultivated plants

Crop Production

the branch of agriculture that deals with the production of crops for food and fiber.

Crop Production

one of the branches of Agriculture, that deals with the cultivation of plants utilized by man for any purpose, for sale or domestic consumption.

Utilization and importance of crops

Food crops are essential sources of energy to the body.

Utilization and importance of crops

The demand for supply of food crops is on the increase.

Utilization and importance of crops

To maintain the balance of food, we need to protect the crops from pathogens which could be ectoparasites, viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, protozoans, or nematodes.

Role of crop in nutrition

Plants provide a diverse collection of essential vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals essential in the human diet. Plants also provide a diverse collection of phytonutrients that are not essential but implicated in enhancing human health (Martin and Li, 2017).

Legumes

No cholesterol, Low fat, Gluten-free, High protein, High dietary fiber, High in energy, antidiabetic and anticancer properties

Role of crops in the economy

Agronomic crops provide the food, feed grain, oil, and fiber for domestic consumption.

Economic Impact of Agriculture

Farm production

Economic Impact of Agriculture

Forestry and fishing activities

Economic Impact of Agriculture

Textile mills and products

Economic Impact of Agriculture

Apparel and food and beverage sales

Economic Impact of Agriculture

Service and manufacturing

Trade

plays a crucial role in providing livelihoods for farmers and people employed along the food supply chain. It also contributes to reducing food insecurity across the globe and provides greater choice in consumer goods.

Agricultural trade

is vitally important for achieving the goal of ending hunger by 2030, as enshrined in the second Sustainable Development Goal. While trade is frequently seen as posing threats to this vitally important goal, it can in fact play a major role in achieving it.

Site Characterization

is the process of determining the Geology, Hydrologic, and Engineering features of a site, including soil, rock, groundwater, and often man-made subsurface conditions.

Geology

the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it.

Hydrologic

the science dealing with the Occurrence, Circulation, distribution, and properties of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.

Objective of Site Characterization

Identify the nature and extent of contamination.

Objective of Site Characterization

Risk Assessment

Objective of Site Characterization

For designing and implementing remediation system.

Guidelines for Site Characterization

is intended to assist stakeholders and property owners in systematically identify Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) contaminated site, either operational or abandoned, which should serve as a reliable basis for managing the site.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)

are toxic substances composed of organic (carbon-based) chemical compounds and mixtures. They include industrial chemicals like PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls and pesticides like DDT Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP)

They are primarily products and by-products from industrial processes, chemical manufacturing and resulting wastes

Preliminary Site Assessment (PSA) guidelines

aimed as an initial investigation into the possible POPs contamination that may be present where in the owner manufacturers or uses POPs in its operations or as a disposal site for POPs .

Preliminary Site Assessment (PSA) guidelines

investigation method involves in the PSA are limited to Site inspection, Review of available documents, Interview of site personnel

Detailed Site Assessment (DSA) Guidelines

intrusive investigations that will involve soil and water sampling and the development of a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) based on the risk associated with the identified POPs.

Detailed Site Assessment (DSA) Guidelines

if the analytical result from the DSA exceed the recommended or nominated risk-based screening values for clean up or rehabilitation, further works may be recommended by the DSA

Guidelines

intends for the sustainable development of contaminated site focusing on the reduction of risk to human health and environment while keeping in mind the economical land value of the rehabilitated area for employment and business opportunities to the local communities and or social profitability.

Site Characterization Flow Chart (PSA)

1. Records review
2. Development of Conceptual Site Model (CSM)
3. Site Inspection
4. Interview
5. Preliminary Site Assessment Only if recommended by PSA to proceed to a DSA. Site Characterization Flow Chart (DSA)

Site Characterization Flow Chart (DSA)

1. Review of Conceptual Site Model (CSM) from PSA
2. Establish Assessment Objectives. -Start the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) Process
3. Identify Data Gaps and Information Requirements
4. Preparation of Detailed Work Plan - Health & Safety, Sampling and Analysis Plan
5. Prepare for Site Investigation
6. Conduct Sampling and Analyses
7. Interpret and Evaluate/Validate Data
8. Update the CSM -back to #3
9. Detailed Site Assessment (DSA) Report Only if recommended by DSA to proceed to Site Recommendation.
10. Site Recommendation

Land Preparation

Soil is considered as one important component in the success of crop production. You have delved into the primary information and processes of crop production. Now, you will be taught on how to plant in the field.

Land Preparation

In this lesson, you will be introduced to the different activities of land preparation including methods of LAND CLEARING, proper way of using SOIL TESTING KIT, and what are the different methods of TILLAGE OPERATION.

Land Clearing

is the removal of bushes, stones, trash, unwanted plants, and other unnecessary materials in the planting area that could hamper the growth of a new plant. It is the first step in making your planting area or plot.

Land Clearing

Before you could start with the land preparation, you must prepare the needed tools and materials.

Preparation for Land Clearing

Select the needed tools for clearing the land

Preparation for Land Clearing

Inspect all tools carefully for dull blades, damaged handles, and loose heads then replace or repair them as needed

Preparation for Land Clearing

Sharpen all cutting tools before using and frequently thereafter. A sharp tool is a safer tool

Preparation for Land Clearing

Always wear safety glasses when sharpening tools with a powder grinder

Preparation for Land Clearing

Never wear gloves for machine operation to avoid having a hand caught and pulled into the wheel

Basic Way of Conducting Land Clearing

First, clear the area by cutting tall grasses.

Then, cut the unnecessary trees and remove heavy bushes and tree stumps.

Pick or dig the stones and other obstacles in the field.

The field should look like it is ready for plowing.

Avoid burning bushes because it can cause soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients.

Soil Testing and Sampling

When you are done in clearing the land, the next step would be to identify whether the soil has adequate nutrients for your plants. A soil testing is done in order to identify the nutrients and defects in the planting area or plot. If defects have been found, it should be addressed with necessary actions.

Conducting Soil Testing

Soil sample collection, Laboratory analysis, Interpretation of results, Fertilizer or other management recommendation

Soil sample collection

The first step is to get a small sample piece of soil from the land and this would represent the whole land. It is a critical step because the soil from different areas differ. The most common way to attain a good sample is to use composite sampling. Composite sampling is done by getting small soil samples in the different areas and then mixing them.

Laboratory analysis

Next, the sample soil is mixed with an extracting solution (acid or combination of acids) then the soil will react with the solution and eventually release nutrients.

Interpretation of results

After the laboratory procedure, you can now identify the components of the soil such as its pH level, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, etc.

Fertilizer or other management recommendation

Based on the results and analysis, you will evaluate what are the problems in the soil and provide a solution just like adding the right fertilizer to the land.

Different Soil Testing Kit

Despite having to go for an intensive soil test, BSWM also introduces some soil testing kits that can provide immediate results, cheaper and easy-to-use materials. This is a simple method of identifying the nutrients and deficiencies present in your soil.

Different Soil Testing Kit

is a set of materials that can be used in analyzing soil nutrients. Although it can give immediate results, it might be inaccurate sometimes. However, this is still sometimes used by the farmers/gardeners.

Soil Amendments

The required level of each component(pH, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and K) present in the soil may vary depending on the plants to be planted. There are plants that grow well in less acidic soil while others cannot. Other plants do not need too much nitrogen to grow. Below are ways of providing adequate soil nutrients into the soil:

pH Soil Components

measures the soil alkalinity and acidity. This helps manage plant nutrients.

pH Soil Components

The pH level ranges from 0 to 14. 7.0 -neutral • 0 to 6.9 -acidic •7.1 to 14 -alkaline.•