Dr. Ayman

What are the basic components of neuronal cells?

Cell body (soma), dendrites, axons, axon terminals.

What is the function of the synapse?

It is the point of connection between two neurons, facilitating electrochemical communication.

What are the three elements of a synapse?

Presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, and the synaptic cleft.

What is the role of astrocytes in the CNS?

They regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cell.

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

They insulate axons by forming the myelin sheath, enhancing the efficiency of electrical impulse transfer.

What structures protect the brain?

Skull, meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid, blood-brain barrier.

What is the function of the thalamus?

Acts as a relay between different subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex for sensory signals.

What regulates body temperature and hunger sensations in the brain?

The hypothalamus.

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

Motor control, regulating coordination, precision, and timing of movements.

What neurotransmitter is most associated with drug abuse?

Dopamine.

What is the definition of epilepsy?

A chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.

What are the common types of seizures?

Generalized seizures and focal seizures.

What are the stages of a tonic-clonic seizure?

Aura stage, tonic stage, clonic stage, postictal stage.

What are first-generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)?

Medications like Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, and Valproate used to treat seizures.

What is the primary treatment for status epilepticus?

Benzodiazepines like Lorazepam or Diazepam, followed by Phenytoin.

What are common symptoms of opiate withdrawal?

Restlessness, yawning, runny nose, chills, diarrhea, cravings.

What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

A chronic demyelinating disease that affects the myelin sheath of neurons in the CNS.

What is the main aim of medical management for MS?

Preventing or postponing long-term disability.

What are the types of glial cells?

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia.

What type of drugs can be used for bladder dysfunction in MS patients?

Oxybutynin and propantheline.