Ancient Civ Final

Artifacts

* An object made/used by people in the past
* Ex. weapons, tools, clothes

Prehistory

* Time before written records
* No exact dates because humans either did not exist or were not capable of recording information

Paleolithic

* Part of prehistory
* Paleolithic = Old Stone Age
* All weapons/tools made of stone (also wood and bone)
* Caused nomadic living because of major environmental changes (Ice Age)

Nomads

* People who move from place to place to find food (no permanent home - have no choice because they have no control over the environment)
* Life completely dependent on the environment
* Crucial that they learned how to adapt to changes in the environment

Hunter Gatherers

* 20 to 30 nomads (men and women) who keep travelling to find animals or any sort of greens to feed themselves
* A lot of equality between men and women during this time because they depend on each other to survive
* Spoken languages developed at this time

Neolithic

* Part of prehistory
* Neolithic = New Stone Age
* Started when the Ice Age ended

Neolithic Revolution

* Changed from Nomadic life to settled farming
* brings about dramatic changes
* starts keeping animals
* growing food on a regular basis
* hunter/gatherers to FARMERS
* women were responsible for seeds (wheat and barley) and the advancement of agriculture
* GRADUAL PROCESS

Cultural Diffusion

* One culture borrowing attractive elements from another culture
* When different type of people interact and take on the traits from the others

Prehistoric Cave Art

* Used stones and flowers and plants to create pigment for cave arts
* Mainly animals because thy were key to their survival
* Deep inside of caves so no one could get to them
* Created as a religious tribute
* Animism - belief that all natural life have a spirit

Significance of Farming

* Creates a complex human society:
* __Domesticate__ - To tame/control animals and plants under control = constant supply of meat, skins, power (animals for crops)
* __Permanent Communities (Jericho and Catal Huyuk)__ - the first communities found using settled farming, Jericho is now in Israel (10,000 BCE), evidence that there must've been a government because there are walls, only about 1,000 people, Catal Huyuk is now in Turkey (7,000 BCE), evidence that there must've been a government because there are walls, about 6,500 people
* __Food Surplus__ - too much food
* __Population Growth__ - Leads to a complex society
* __New Technologies__ - Come up with new pottery for food storage, new tools, calendar years for when to plant/harvest
* __Division of Labor__ - People start having specialized jobs
* __Inequality/Patriarchy__ - A change of roles between women and men, certain jobs may lead to people thinking they are better than others, wealth
* __Civilization__ - a complex, highly organized society

8 Characteristics of Civilization

1. __Cities__ - Center of all civilizations
2. __Organized Governments__ - Allows organization and coordination on human activity/behavior
3. __Complex Religions__ - Religion will start in attempt to explain nature, many are polytheistic, Priests had a lot of power (they were the religious leaders)
4. __Job Specialization__ - People will specialize in a certain type of job, some will farm, build, be in government, etc.
5. __Social Hierarchy__ - Who has wealth/power
6. __Arts and Architecture__ - Most architecture will be religious or government related
7. __Public Works__ - Projects overseen by the government, roads, walls, irrigation (trying to get water from the river to your crops)
8. __Writing__ - Allows records to be taken, the development of scribes (trained people who learn how to read and write, usually scribes are priests and always a man)

Fertile Crescent

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Area that had very fertile soil (good for farming)

2 parts:

* Mesopotamia
* Land along the Mediterranean Sea

Mesopotamia

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Located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia literally means land between the rivers)

Polytheism

Belief in multiple gods

Sumerians

* 3000 BCE
* 1st civilization in history
* Cuneiform (writing)
* Ziggurats (temples)
* Epic of Gilgamesh
* Wheel (farming/fighting)
* Number system/calendar (eventually led to algebra, geometry, and astronomy)

Ziggurat

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Sumerian temple made of clay dedicated to the God or Goddess of a city state

Patriarchy

* Male dominated society
* Most women work at home raising kids and men are outside, BUT women's roles can be different based on social class

Cuneiform

* Symbols on clay tablets to help keep records
* Usually men were scribes
* First writings
* Structured writing systems used initially by governments or religious leaders to record important information which developed scribes (people who learned how to read and write)

Behistun Rock

* Written in 3 different languages, used this to learn about the Sumerians
* Sir Henry Rawlinson led translation of the rock

Epic of Gilgamesh

* Legendary king/hero looking for immortality
* Inscribed on 12 tablets - some of which are missing or broken
* Many similarities to stories of the Old Testament
* Gives us historical context of a flood

Code of Hammurabi

1. Oldest known legal system
2. “Published” laws on an 8ft tall pillar
3. Set of laws for all to follow
4. Codify civil law and criminal law
5. Kept social order
6. Eye for an eye
7. Punishment was stricter/harsher for poor
8. Patriarchal (male dominance)
9. Women had little protection
10. Severe punishments through criminal law

Babylonians

* 1790 BCE
* Code of Hammurabi (1st written code of law)
* adopted much of the Sumerian culture

Hittites

* 1400 BCE
* IRON! - allows for upgrade in weapons and tools
* Improved the chariot - makes them scarier fighters, allows them to have 3 men instead of 2

Nebuchadnezzar

* Regarded as the New Babylonians’ greatest king

New Babylonians/Chaldeans

* 612 BCE
* Cultural builders
* King Nebuchadnezzar (regarded as the empire’s greatest king)
* Adopted much of the Sumerian culture

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Persians

* 600 BCE
* Cyrus the Great (known for his wisdom/compassion) - treats everybody well and inclusive
* Darius I - Conquered and unified largest empire the world had seen yet, ruler a large/diverse empire, Behistun Rock
* Persian army known as the 10,000 immortals because if front line was killed it would keep getting replaced

Darius

* Great general
* Always worked under Cyrus
* Creates a permanent/strong army
* Encourages trade
* Many roads are built
* Conquered and unified largest/diverse empire the world had seen yet
* Behistun Rock (Helped us understand Cuneiform, the rock was translated by Persians)

Zoroastrianism

* Zoroaster (founder) - Philosophical thinker, lived around 600 BCE, comes up with this religion (still exists today), rejects a lot of the polytheistic gods, though he hangs onto Mazda
* Dualism - Tug and war of good and evil, everyone has the freedom of choosing good/evil, these forces opposes each other
* Ahura Mazda - Wise god, rules the world, "good" God
* Ahriman - Prince of lies, prince of darkness, "evil" God
* Avesta - Sacred book (like the Bible for the Christians), teaches all the good that is happening in the world, in the end good always triumphs evil
* How is it similar to Judaism and Christianity? - They all look at the concept of heaven or hell, focuses on one God, sacred book, the freedom to choose of how you want to act (good/evil), when Darius passes away this religion starts to fall apart

Phoenicians

* Small independent state, not an empire (often under control of great empires in the Fertile Crescent)
* Were merchants, traders, good sailors/navigators, they created a large trading empire


* Accomplishments -


1. “Carriers of civilizations” - Charter new trade routes throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, when travelling they always leave behind some piece of culture (cultural diffusion) and take something new
2. Glass blowers - came from heated sand
3. Purple dye - comes from shellfish, found along the coast, able to dye clothing, only rich can afford since it is so hard to acquire
4. Phoenician alphabet (everyone else used cuneiform) - completely based on sounds, 22 letters, no vowels, letters are combined and form words, altered and changed by Greeks and Romans when they come into contact with it, where we get "Old English" from

Akkadians

* 2300 BCE
* 1st emperor (unified empire)
* 1st permanent army
* they conquered the Sumerians because of their flat open plains and their city states (they weren’t unified together
* adapted much of the Sumerian culture (artistic style, cuneiform, religion)

Assyrians

* 1100 BCE
* Escalated military tactics
* Strongest fighters we have seen so far
* Library full of over 30,000 cuneiforms
* They recognized the value of collecting writing
* Adopted much of the Sumerian culture

Impact of Geography in the Ancient Middle East

1. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
* In late spring, rivers overflowed their banks and deposited rich, fertile soil (flooding is unpredictable and irregular)
* River allows for farming, population growth, trade, and government (rivers make us need government because people need to control the irrigation system)
2. Flat, Open Plains
* No natural barrier = vulnerable to weather and attack
* Invasion and conquest very prominent in ancient Middle East
* Flat, open plains are good for farming and cultural diffusion

Pharaoh

Name that they give the Egyptian ruler


1. Divine = he is God and king
2. Religious figure = controls nature
3. Absolute power = whatever the Pharoah says goes

Ma’at

* Ma'at = order
* Pharoah's responsibility to keep Ma'at in balance/harmony
* Can be represented as a goddess (controls mortals/gods, and keeping order among them)
* Shows how women are respected

Theocracy

A state/government ruled by religious figures

Hyksos

* Group of people that invaded Egypt before the New Kingdom
* Shortly after kicked out = made the New Kingdom realize they needed army/high walls against invaders

Hatshepsut

* 1st female Pharoah (1583-1482 BCE), New Kingdom
* Daughter of a Pharoah and widow of another
* When they die she starts ruling in their name
* Rules for 20 years
* Acts as a man (appearance) so people wouldn't freak out that a "woman" was in power
* Increased trade
* Her nephew takes over when she dies

Osiris

* Nile River god (brings life)
* Judge of the dead
* The Legend shows us the importance of afterlife and how it reflects on regular life

Isis

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* Osiris' wife
* Mother of the universe
* Women get their skills/powers from her

Ka

* Ka = Soul
* You won afterlife by having your Ka (soul) recognize you for the good things you did in your life
* In addition to the Ka testifying, the heart or soul would be weighed against a feather, a symbol of truth (placed in Canopic Jars)
* If the scales balanced, the soul could enter the Happy Field of Food and enjoy eternal life
* If the soul outweighed the feather, the soul was fed to the crocodile shaped Eater of the Dead (Ammut) and dead

Mummification

* They did this so your Ka could recognize you
* They took your organs and put them in the Canopic Jars (except brain they thought it was useless), dried you out using chemicals, and then they wrapped you in linen, added amulets put between the layers to help identify you
* Took about 70 days
* All people could be mummified, but Pharaohs got the best burials (fancier)
* Buried in a tomb

King Tut

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* Doesn’t have a big significance
* Important because his tomb provides us information about the Egyptian life

Howard Carter

* Discovered King Tut’s tomb/burial site in 1922 CE
* Provides artifact evidence that gives historians a picture of everyday life in Ancient Egypt

Hieroglyphics

* Egyptian writing/symbols
* Inscribed into stone on temples, tombs and monuments

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Simplified writing forms for everyday use:

* Hieratic - Writing for everyday
* Demotic - Writing for business
* Developed so that priests and scribes could keep political, legal, and religious records as well as literary writings
* Not usually carved in stone
* Found on papyrus (paper made from a plant in the Nile River)

Rosetta Stone

* Slab of stone found in the town of Rosetta in the Nile Delta in 1799
* Has the same inscription written in Demotic, Hieroglyphics and ancient Greek
* Translated the stone which had Hieroglyphics into Ancient Greek

Role of Women in Egypt

* Had similar rights to the men in their matched social class (could inherit property, have a job)
* Only thing they could NOT do was be in the government or be a scribe
* Treated pretty equally

Impact of Geography in the Ancient Egypt

1. Nile River
* Central feature of Egyptian geography (4,000 mi long)
* Egypt’s existence based on the Nile River
* Black Land (fertile) vs. Red Land (desert)
* Nile River very predictable
* Deposited rich, fertile soil about 10 mi wide in which people could grow crops
* Gives the ability to connect with other Egyptians by traveling along the Nile
* Allows for transportation and communication
* Allows for unity within different regions of Egypt
2. Natural Barriers
* Arabian Desert, Libyan Desert, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea
* Many cataracts (rapids and waterfalls)
* Makes Egypt easy to defend because of the natural barriers
* Able to live with a sense of security
* Develops culture without a lot of cultural diffusion (develops in isolation)
* Stays the same for abut 2,000 years

Pyramids at Giza

* 3 of them built by Pharaohs of the same dynasty
* Large public works projects - built by farmers during the flood season (takes an organized government for this to happen), government pays people to build
* Egyptians possessed everything necessary to build these - knowledgeable craftspeople and architects, large labor force, huge amounts of limestone, math skills and simple tools

Afterlife

* Eternal life after death (Dictates how they live their life because they will be judged on how they lived in the afterlife)
* The most important religious belief to the Ancient Egyptians
* Shaped the way they lived their on Earth and had a profound effect on their civilization
* You won afterlife by having your Ka (soul) recognize you for the good things you did in your life

Old Kingdom

* Age of prosperity and splendor
* Powerful rulers ruling over a unified state
* Age of Pyramids - used to bury important people (Pharaohs), inside were goods he wanted in his afterlife (would kill/bury servants to serve the Pharaoh in afterlife)
* Pyramids stopped after Old Kingdom because people would rob them

Middle Kingdom

* Ruled by Hyksos - he was not Egyptian, he was part of the Syrians that conquered Egypt
* Brought chariot/tools/weapons from Mesopotamia (cultural diffusion)

New Kingdom

* Age of Empire - built a powerful army (using Hyksos war chariot technology)
* Starts to conquer neighboring areas = time of wealth

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

* Founded by Sir Mortimer Wheeler
* 2 ancient cities founded in 1920
* Both located along the Indus River about 400 mi apart
* Civilization flourished for 700 years and then disappeared

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Physical descriptions -


1. large, carefully planned
2. organized (warehouses)
3. plumbing system (drains, baths, sewers)
4. weights and measurements
5. massive hilltop structure

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They had WRITING, but we aren’t able to understand it

* both cities had the same symbols
* symbols probably used to show property/ownership of things - NOT for storytelling

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From artifact evidence -


1. large/urban population (one civilization)
2. advanced technology (esp. engineering)
3. organized central government
4. farming civilization
5. complex economy - artisans, merchants, traders, farmers
6. polytheistic
7. veneration/lot of respect for sacred animals (cattle/buffalo)

Aryans

* Warlike, nomadic invaders (came from Eastern Europe/Black Sea)
* Crossed Hindu Kush in 1700 BCE and conquered Indus River Valley in 1500 BCE
* Dominated people that they conquered - not nice people at all
* Left very little evidence - we only know about religion, ideas on women, and social system

Brahmin

* Highest caste level
* Represents the head (intellectual leaders)
* Priests and Academics

Kshatriyas

* Second highest caste level
* Represents the arms (fighting)
* Warriors and kings

Vaisyas

* Third highest caste level
* Represents the legs (workers)
* Traders, merchants, artisans - overall business community

Sudras

* Lowest caste level
* Represents the feet (servants)
* Servants = serve all other levels

Untouchables/Dalit

* Don’t have a caste
* Does all the “unclean” work that nobody wants to do

Brahman

* A single spiritual power that exists beyond the many gods of the Vedas and resides in all things
* Biggest god
* Ultimate reality/god
* Preserves/created the world
* Life goal is to be in union with Brahman

Caste/Varna/Jati

* Set of rigid social categories into which people are born and which can rarely be changed
* Determine not only a person’s occupation and economic potential but also his or her position in society
* 4 original varnas/castes and untouchables but 100’s of other jati (sub-castes) have been added over centuries
* Each caste and sub-caste had its own traditions and code of behavior (dharma)
* Very rigid social hierarchy which did not allow intermarriage or even interaction among the castes
* Whatever caste you were born into is the caste you lived and died in in that lifetime
* Very few tried to escape a caste because it break dharma and lessen your chance to be with Brahman
* Unequal/unfair but created a stable social order
* Gave people a sense of identity
* Very much intertwined with the Hindu religion
* No longer legal, but still believed by some

Caste System

* Caste = Varna (social system)
* A way that the Aryans were supreme over everyone they ruled
* Purusha - God who makes up the body
* Not about how much money you have but how close you are to afterlife
* Top 3 = Aryans, and indigenous people = bottom

Reincarnation

* Rebirthing your soul into a new body
* We are not good enough to be with Brahman yet, so you are born over and over (hundreds of times), to learn lessons so you can earn to be with Brahman

Samsara

* Endless cycle of death and rebirth (symbolized by a wheel)
* Every life meant to bring you closer to Brahman (once you get to Brahman your soul stays there it doesn’t restart)
* Goal - Moksha, to achieve union with Brahman

Karma

What you do determines what will happen to you in the future

Dharma

* Duties/doing the right behavior
* If you follow your dharma than you will have good karma
* Dharma will depend on your caste
* Used to keep social order

Moksha

* Union with the universe
* Wanting to be with Brahman, so you get rid of your selfish desires
* If you achieve Moksha then your soul goes to Brahman (to get to Brahman you most follow Moksha)

Siddhartha Gautama

* Founder of Buddhism, Hindu prince
* Mother’s dream - he was going to be a huge impact on the world, dies from childbirth
* Prophet’s prediction - he will be a great holy man
* Father’s reaction - doesn't let him leave the palace, doesn't want him to be a holy man
* Got married at 16, had luxuries, sneaks out at 29 w/ a friend
* When he sneaks out he sees an old man dying/suffering = leaves his family to find answers because he doesn’t understand why there’s suffering in the world
* Spends 6 years living a life of self-denial, fasting and studying with gurus (religious leaders) and aesthetics - but does not find the answers
* Meditated under Bodhi (wisdom) tree and found the cure for suffering
* Pain and sorrow are caused by attachment to things of this world - pain and sorrow are forgotten when people let go of their worldly cares
* You are attached to the world’s expectations/standards

Buddha

The Enlightened One

Four Noble Truths

1. All life is full of suffering
2. Suffering is caused by selfish desires
3. Suffering can be removed if we do away if we do away with our selfish desires (if we aren’t selfish, suffering wouldn’t exist)
4. The way to overcome selfish desires is to follow the Eightfold Path or Middle Way between a life devoted to pleasure and one of self-denial (live in moderation)

* Stressed virtuous (good) conduct and compassion for all living things

Eightfold Path/Middle Way

* Right views, right aspirations, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right contemplation
* A middle way between life devoted to pleasure and one based on harsh self-denial

Nirvana

* Eventually, every person, regardless of class, who accepts and follows the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path will reach this goal
* Ultimate reality
* End of the self - union with the universe (Gods)
* Release from Samsara

Role of Women in Ancient India

* Laws of Manu - legal code written in ancient India defining dharma and proper behavior for people based on caste and gender
* Women never independent (always loyal to a male)

Hinduism

* Originated from Aryans, BUT no true founder - evolved over centuries
* No specific “way” to practice Hinduism
* Sacred Texts
* Vedas - basis of Hinduism (started w/ oral tradition)
* Upanishads - interpretation of the Vedas
* Bhagavad-Gita - epic poem, identifies the concept of Moksha
* BRAHMAN
* CASTE SYSTEM
* REINCARNATION

Buddhism

* SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA
* BUDDHA (enlightened one)
* FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
* NIRVANA
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Similarities/Differences of Hinduism and Buddhism

HINDUISM

* Caste System
* Moksha
* Dharma
* Patriarchal
* Multitude of Gods
* Lots of rituals



BUDDHISM

* Anti-Caste
* Nirvana
* Women were treated "equally" - could achieve Enlightment
* No Gods
* Reject rituals, follow the Four Noble Truths



BOTH

* Brahman (Brahma)
* Reincarnation
* Karma
* Moksha = Nirvana
* Non-Violence (Ahisma)

Yin and Yang

* Reflex the Chinese belief that the universe was a delicate balance between two forces
* Yin - earth, darkness, female, receiver
* Yang - heaven, light, male, pusher
* Without a balance in these two forces there would be chaos

Mandate of Heaven

* A divine right to rule or the authority to command from heaven (a natural force rather than a singular God)
* Claimed the Zhou emperor was chosen by Heaven therefore was the “Son of Heaven”
* “Son of Heaven” expected to please the Gods
* People have the right to rise up or rebel against corrupt rulers according to the mandate of Heaven

Confucianism

* Based on the ideas of Confucius (founder of Confucianism)
* Created a philosophy NOT a religion (a way of thought)
* Concerned with how to create stable social order and good government (wanted to figure out Yin and Yang of social order)


* Analects - his thoughts on how to keep a stable and orderly society/government
* 5 key relationships
* Believed that the ruler needs to be educated and be good, so that the Mandate of Heaven wouldn't have to happen
* Role of women - inferior (lower) to men, keep a stable home, raise children, also subservient (serve) to the men in their family

Daoism

* Created by Laozi
* Dao = the way
* Dao De Jing = the way of the virtue, what he wrote to explain the Dao and philosophies
* Concerned with people finding peace and harmony with the universe
* Go with nature
* Started as a philosophy but became a popular religion when Laozi began to be worshipped as a god

Legalism

* Founded by Hanfeizi
* Known as the “School of Law” - all about following rules
* Nature of man is evil and corrupt, people are bad so you need extra harsh rules = harsh government
* They achieved order in society by following rules
* Stresses about laws, strict punishment, and tough rule

Shi Huangdi

* First Emperor of Qin Dynasty
* Came to power at the age of 13 in 246 BCE
* Established the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE
* Used Legalism to crush his enemies
* Centralized power and created an authoritarian government (centralized power- gets rid of Feudalism)
* Unified all of China by using force but also by decreasing regional differences all over China
* Very unpopular king because he treats people badly, known for Great Wall of China, and burning books that weren’t his way of things

Terracotta Soldiers

* 8,000 life size soldiers in the form of terracotta statues guard Shi Huangdi’s tomb
* Created for the afterlife to show how powerful he was
* Each soldier looks different
* Dynasty did not survive after his death

Great Wall of China

* Shi Huangdi joined together walls built individually by warlords during the Zhou
* Used to keep invaders from the north
* Thousands of miles long
* 25 ft tall, 15-25 ft wide
* Allowed soldiers to travel quickly to any part of the empire
* Built by the forced labor of 700,00 workers
* Work on wall or die, most were slaves/peasants or prisoners of war

Role of Women in China

* Respected not equal
* Always going to serve the man in their life

Impact of Geography on Ancient China

* In ancient times, the Chinese believed their land was in a special location
* Isolated by natural barriers = no cultural diffusion (North - Gobi Desert, South/West - Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, East - Pacific Ocean)
* Called themselves “Zhong guo” - resulted into ethnocentric attitude (thinks they’re superior)
* River valleys = Chinese heartlands (Huang/Yellow River and Chang River)
* When Huang River would flood it would wipe out everything = River of Sorrows
* Loess - yellow soil at the bottom of river, destroys the crops when there is flooding

Chinese Writing

* Dates back to Oracle bones in Shang
* Not phonetic (not written how it sounds)
* 10,000’s of characters
* Ideographs - combine two or more characters to create a new character to represent an idea
* Calligraphy - elegant handwriting that used strokes to write
* Streamlined and simplified overtime but still incredibly difficult to read and write
* Since it is not phonetic, regardless of what language you speak you can read Chinese since it is read by symbols

Maurya Empire (321-185 BCE)

* Converted to Buddhism when Asoka ruled
* Chandragupta forged the first Indian empire
* Chandragupta = harsh but effective
* Asoka = welcoming and nice

Gupta Empire (320 CE-540 CE)

* Strong central government that promoted peace and prosperity
* Looser rule than Maurya (much power left in the hands of the individual villages and city governments elected by merchants and artisans)
* Very advanced for their time (in learning, mathematics, and literature)
* GOLDEN AGE = period of great cultural achievement

Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE)

* 1st Chinese dynasty that we can prove from evidence
* Highly developed civilization along Huang River
* Values family, tradition, and veneration (honoring not worshipping) of ancestors - they believed the ancestors would help them
* Strong political culture, cultural unity/identity, focus on family and tradition, religious ideas, writing system, ethnocentrism
* Believed in afterlife (Oracle Bones)
* Writing!!!

Zhou Dynasty (1112-256 BCE)

* Longest ruling dynasty - over 800 years
* Overthrew Shang because they saw him as a tyrant and not worthy of ruling - justified overruling with a political theory
* MANDATE OF HEAVEN
* Dynastic Cycle

Warring States Period (end of the Zhou 475-221 BCE)

* Feudal lords start to fight each other for power/land over one another
* 3 philosophies developed during this time to try to restore Yin and Yang (Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism)
* YIN and YANG

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE)

* Shortest dynasty but very significant
* Shi Huangdi (“First Emperor”)
* Used Legalism
* Centralized power to himself which got rid of feudalism
* Treats people badly, burned books that weren’t his way of things
* GREAT WALL OF CHINA
* Terracotta Soldiers

Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE)

* Revolt against Qin led by a peasant (Gao Zu)
* Replaced Legalism with Confucianism
* Wudi = most famous emperor because of public works projects for peasants, monopolies, expansionism
* Civil Service
* Patriarchy
* Golden Age
* Silk Roads
* After the fall of the Han dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to China (from the Silk Roads)

Heinrich Schliemann

* Discovered evidence of Trojan War

Herodotus

* Greek historian who wrote The Histories
* Known as the “Father of History”
* Everything we know about the Persians war is because of his writings
* Was given credit for being the 1st person to ever write history for the sake of history
* His stories were often exaggerated and not totally reliable, but he was the first to record actual events in history (incredible BIAS, writing = pro-Greek)

Thucydides

* Greek historian
* From Athens but very unbiased and wouldn't even be able to tell
* Wrote fact-based, impartial History of the Peloponnesian War
* Recorded the Funeral Oration of Pericles which honored those Athenians who died in the Peloponnesian War and praised Athenian democracy
* Much more scientific and objective than Herodotus

Age of Pericles

* Pericles - elected 30 times to be the leader of Athens
* Time in which Athens was the center of Greek culture and politics
* “The Golden Age”
* Height of Athenian Democracy
* Direct democracy - very limited = man, born free, born in Athens
* Pericles urged all citizens to get involved in government
* He believed all citizens had the responsibility of voting, holding office, serving on a jury
* Ostracism - the vote to banish/send away any public figure who the citizens see as a threat to democracy (way for them protect themselves)
* Arts and sciences thrived, trade and manufacturing prospered
* Athens = incredibly wealthy/powerful
* Athens was beautified w/ money from Delian League
* New buildings built to replace those destroyed from Persian War (in the Acropolis)
* Pericles considered Athens the cultural center or the “School of Greece” - looked down on the rest of Greece

Delian League

* Alliance between all the city-states and Athens
* City-states say they'll pay money to Athens if they protect them from another Persian invasion
* Money supposed to be used to build up military, but they are selfish and use it to rebuild their city
* City-states get mad and go to Sparta to help them against Athens