Unit 1 The Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

1.1 Explain how an imperial bureaucracy/meritocracy works.

1.1 Works by giving the power to the “higher ups”, individuals who were not selected by the people but chosen through skill and ability

1.1 How did the Song Dynasty’s imperial bureaucracy represent a political continuity?

1.1 It helped bureaucracy by increasing positions in the government, representing a political continuity

1.1 How did the imperial bureaucracy change over time?

1.1 It increased positions and expanded overtime and became more about a person’s skills. 

1.1 How did Song China also utilize Confucianism to maintain control?

1.1 It used confucian teachings to motivate and shape social classes to maintain control 

1.1 How did China’s imperial bureaucracy/meritocracy lead to the decline of the Song?

1.1 China’s imperial bureaucracy paid the governmentment a great sum that it drained China’s wealth 

1.1 What lasting economic impact did the Tang Dynasty have on the Song Dynasty?

1.1 The Tang Dynasty left more advanced agriculture and technology and better foreign trading affairs that led to the flourishing Song Dynasty.

1.1 How did the Grand Canal allow Song China to flourish economically?

1.1 The Grand Canal allowed greater transportation and more available, easy trade. 

1.1 What major trade network allowed China to trade items and technology (like guns) with Eurasia? 

1.1 The Silk Road, allowed for China to trade items like guns with Eurasia

1.1 What two major developments allowed Song China to trade by sea?

1.1 The Silk Road and the Grand Canal allowed China to trade by sea. 

1.1 Give examples of and explain how innovations in agriculture led to population growth and economic success. 

1.1 Innovations of agriculture allowed for greater food resource & availability for larger feeding quantities as the population grew. This advancement in agriculture increased productivity by the new technology. 

1.1 How did steel impact Song China?

1.1 Steel helps reinforce structures and agricultural tools which led to the abundance of food

1.1 List three other items of trade from Song China

1.1 Gunpowder, silk and porcelain

1.1 Explain what commercialization means for an economy

1.1  Commercialization means greater productivity, expanding to other locations and more profit for an economy 

1.1 Explain how Song China continued to rely on free peasant and artisan labor.

1.1  Song china relied on free peasant and artisan to create and make production to sale

1.1 Explain how the Tributary System supported both economic and political power for Song China.

1.1 Song China profited off the tributary system not just by receiving money from the country but also trade. Tributary system also allowed China to have influence with political power by earning respect and by sending troops to flaunt their political power. 

1.1 Prior to the Song Dynasty, most of Chinese society lived in rural areas. How does Song China differ from earlier history, and what makes this change happen?

1.1 Song China differs from earlier history because urban areas grew due to the prosperity of productivity 

1.1 What evidence is there that Chinese society was patriarchal (male dominated).

1.1 Women were foot binding which made them weaker and helpless so they had to rely on their husbands. 

1.1 Intellectual pursuits, such as literature, thrived in the Song Dynasty.  What inventions from earlier Chinese history allowed this to happen?

1.1 Paper and printing from earlier Chinese history allowed intellectual pursuits to happen. 

1.1 How did it migrate to China?

1.1 Buddhism went from India to China through the Silk Road

1.1 What do the three main types (Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan) of Buddhism have in common? 

1.1 They all believe in the 4 noble truths and Eight-fold path 

1.1 Explain how Zen Buddhism is a syncretic religion.

1.1 Zen buddhism is a syncretic religion because it combines beliefs of daoist with faith chan buddhism 

1.1 Buddhism posed a problem for the Tang Dynasty, who grew jealous.  How did the Song Dynasty treat Buddhism (make sure to include Neo-Confucianism in your answer).

1.1 The Song Dynasty was not opposed to buddhism but still placed concepts of confucianism. Neo-confucianism somewhat was in between Buddhism and Taoism which calmed the tension. 

1.1 Japan

• Similarities to China:

1.1 It has concepts and religions such as Confucianism, and Buddhism. Japan also learned to print wood blocks from China.

1.1 Japan differences to China

1.1 Both countries govern differently, Japan is more peaceful while china is more about power

1.1 Korea

• Similarities to China

1.1 Centralize government like China, same confucian and buddhism beliefs, and the same writing system (until Korea changed it later on)

1.1 Korea: differences to China

1.1  Different language structures, Korean civil service  didn’t allow peasants, no merit based system in Korea 

1.1 Vietnam 

• Similarities to China

1.1 Same writing systems, architectural styles, merit-based bureaucracy

1.1 Vietnam: differences to China

1.1 Different government system, women have more independence, vietnam have nuclear families

1.2 Tolerance

1.2  Islam tolerated religions that believed in one God and did good works. Such religions were Chrisyianilty, Jews, and Zoroastrians. The religions also influence each other.

1.2 Education

1.2 Islam contributes to education with Iskam scholars and to repeated input of “Go in quest of knowledge, even unto China.”

1.2 Economics

1.2 Islams advocated for merchants since Muhammad was a merchant. Merchants grew rich in the Silk Roads and helped spread islam. 

1.2 Slavery

1.2 Slavery was for the ones who were not Christians, Jews, Muslims, and Zoroastrians. Enslaved women also were more independent since they weren’t under Islam. Many slaves converted into Muslims. 

1.2 Women

1.2 Women had to dress modestly from head to toe and had to be submissive to their husbands and were forbidden to be around other men not related.

1.2 Mamluks

1.2 Were enslaved people who seized control over the government and facilitated cotton and sugar between Islamic world and Europe.

1.2 Seljuk Turks:

1.2 Muslim’s from central Asia who began conquering regions of the Middle East and reaching to Western China

1.2 Crusaders

1.2 Group of Christians organized to groups of soldiers to reopen areas restricted by seljuk turks.

1.2 Mongols

1.2 From central Asia and fourth group to attack Abbasid Empire and successfully conquered remaining Abbasid Empire in 1258 

1.2 Explain what/how economic challenges also led to the decline of the Abbasid Empire.

1.2  Baghdad had lost its economic wealth, farmers couldn’t provide the amount of food needed, they did not repair canals which led to decline of Abbasid Empire.

1.2 As new Islamic political entities emerged, they demonstrated several cultural continuities.  Summarize them.

1.2 The cultural continuities adopted paper making from China, translation of Greek, literature to Arabic and mathematics texts to Europe. The continuity input of “Go in quest of knowledge even unto China”

1.2 Nasir Al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) 

1.2 This Islamic Scholar advocated for astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. He improved medical facilities and made trigonometry.

1.2 Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

1.2  He contributed to historiography and sociology 

1.2 A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah (1460-1507) 

1.2 Is a female muslim who created a poem named “clear inspiration, on praise of the trusted one.”

1.2 Sufis

1.2  Sufis emphasized the religion to a more emotional and mentality path that led many locals convert into muslims 

1.2 Merchants:

1.2  Merchants were seen a prestigious and were often sent as missionaries to convert people into muslims 

1.2 Military

1.2  Military kept order and would discriminate against non-arabs, placing fear

1.2 How were slaves and women treated under Islam? 

1.2 Slave women were given more independence rather than women under Islam. Slave women were often able to buy their freedom

1.2 Africa

1.2 Allowed for more trade and many people converted into muslims 

1.2 Spain

1.2 Muslims ruled Spain for seven centuries and was the center of education and had one of the most books 

1.2 What marked the limit of Islamic expansion into Western Europe?

1.2  When frankish forces won against Islamic armies which was rare in the 700’s 

1.2 Looking back at intellectual innovations and cultural transfers, explain the significance of education and tolerance within the Islamic empire

1.2 Education is a top priority in the Islamic Empire which was forced to any concentrated/conquered region by the Islamic Empire. The tolerance of certain groups allowed Islam and the other groups to influence each other. 

1.3 Most South Asisan practiced which religions before the arrival of Islam? 

1.3 Most of South Asia practiced either hinduism or buddhism 

1.3 Summarize the main difference between Hinduism and Islam. 

1.3 Hinduism had many gods while Islam only had one. Hinduism has visual representation while Islam opposes this. Hindus have many visual representations while Islam opposes this. Hindus have many hooly texts and Islam only has one. . 

1.3 The arrival of Islam was at first forceful, as Muslim ruler tried to force Hindu and Buddhist subjects to convert.  This was unsuccessful, which led to voluntary conversion- who voluntarily converted and why?

1.3 The ones who voluntarily converted were the women who marries muslim men and ones who wanted a higher social status and Budhists

1.3 Describe how Islam impacted the social structure of South Asia.

1.3 Islam did little to change the social structure of South Asia. Islam did change the social structure to revoke around occupation. Islam did change the social structure to revolve around occupation, education and religion. Islam did take some independence from women.

1.3 Describe how Islam interacted with and impacted South Asian culture.

1.3 Islam took in the preexisting knowledge and translated it to their new language named Urdu. Muslims also built a tall standing mosque to represent Islam influence. 

1.3 How do the Bhaktis and Sufis compare?

1.3 Bhaktis and Sufis emphasize on the emotional and mental teachings then only studying books. 

1.3 How is South Asia characterized politically after the collapse of the Golden Age (Gupta Dynasty)?

1.3 South asia could be classified as disunified, broken up after the collapse of the Golden Age

1.3 Chola Dynasty (850-1267)

1.3  Was the first kingdom in south India and was successful at ruling for over 400 years. It stretched its rule over Ceylon

1.3 Vijayanagara (1336-1646)

1.3  It's the second kingdom in Southern India that ruled for over 300 years, Took the name of the victorious city. Built from 2 brothers. 

1.3 Rajput Kingdoms: 

1.3 Formed by many clans who often had war with one another which led to no organized centralized government, no government centralized led to many Muslim attacks

1.3 Delhi Sultanate (13-16th centuries)

1.3  conquered by islamic forces and ruled for over 200 years. The Kingdom never organized bureaucracy and mostly favored over muslims and imposed taxes over non-muslims 

1.3 What countries of today correspond with the region of Southeast Asia? 

1.3 Countries of roday correspond with the South east Asia region are Indonesia, Malaysia, cambodia, thailand, laos, and vietnam

1.3 Srivijaya EMpire (670-1025) 

1.3 A Hindu Kingdom that built up the Navy by charging fees for ships from between India and China. 

1.3 Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520) 

1.3 Based on Java that controlled sea routes, was Budhist and had a tributaries