Psych Key Science Skills & Research Methods and other stuff

3/4 psych kss and research methods and other stuff i dont really know

hypothesis (IPAD)

• independent variable

• population

• actual prediction (direction)

• dependent variable

conclusion

controlled variable

kept constant in order to remove its potential effects on the DV

evaluation of experimental research

• (+) identify cause and effect relationships

• (+) control over variables

• (-) time consuming

• (-) ethical concerns

evaluating between-subjects design

• (+) no order effects

• (-) less control over participant variables

evaluating within-subjects design

• (+) control participant differences

• (-) order effects

evaluating mixed design

• (+) fewer participants
  (-) participant attrition

literature review

analytical summary of existing research on a specific topic

other research methodologies

• correlational study

• self reports

• observational studies

• case studies

• simulation studies

correlational study

investigating the relationship between variables without manipulation (+1.00, -.100, 0)

evaluating correlational studies

• (+) can be conducted outside a lab

• correlation doest equal causation

evaluating self reports

• (+) allows for anonimity

• (-) relies on accurate answers

observational studies

observing natural environment to determine conncetions

evaluating observational studies

• (+) encaputres natual behaviour

• (-) observor bias

evaluating case studies

• (+) investigate impractical situations

• (-) difficult to replicate

sampling methods

• convenience

• random

• statified

evaluating convenience sampling

• (+) less time consuming

• (-) sample may not be representative of population

evaluating random sampling

• (+) highly representative sample (generalisable)

• (-) time consuming as it requires accessible list of target population

evaluating stratified sampling

• (+) allows for comparison between specific subgroups in a population
  (-) accessible population list

extraneous variable

a variable other than the IV that may unintentionally effect the DV

confounding variable

a variable that affects the DV and therefore cannot be seperated from the effect of the IV

other extranoeus/confounding variables

• participant variables

• order effects

• placebo effect

• experimenter effects

• situational variables

• demand characteristics

order effects

participant responses infleunced by the order in which one experiences procedures

e.g participants remember list B more bc it was presented most recently (in within subjects)

placebo effect

change in participant behaviour due to the belief they are receiving treatment

experimenter effects

influence of experimenter on the results

situational variables

external factors associated with the setting that may influence responses

demand characteristics

cues that may influence responses

minimising extraneous and confounding variables

• counterbalancing

• single, double and triple blind procedures

• placebos

• standardised instructions and prodcedures

counterbalancing

change in the order of conditiopns to prevent order effects

single blind procedures

only participants are unaware of which group they are in

double blind procedure

participants and researchers are unaware of which group they are in (minimises demand characteristics)

placebo

fake treatment provided to establish whether influence is accurate or just beliefs

standardised instructions and procedures

ensuring all participants receive same info and processes (minimise situational variables)

true value

exact value that would be obtained if the experiment was done perfectly

accuracy

how close the measurement is to the true value

precision

how cloesly a set of measurement values agree with eachother

example of precision vs accuracy

Example:
If you’re measuring the mass of a 100 g weight:

• Measurements of 99.8 g, 100.1 g, and 100.0 g → accurate and precise (close to true value and consistent).

• Measurements of 90.2 g, 90.3 g, and 90.1 g → precise but not accurate (consistent but far from true value).

• Measurements of 85 g, 95 g, and 110 g → neither accurate nor precise (scattered and incorrect).

reliability

overall consistency of a measurement / measurement tool

repeatability

would the invesrtigation obtain similar results if conducted under the same conditions (high repeatability = high precision, vice versa)

reproducibility

closeness of results when an investigation is replicated under changed conditions

internal validity

the extent to which an investigation actually investigated what it set out to investigate 

• if anything other than the IV can explain results = low internal validity

external validity

are the results generalisable to population

• smaller sample size = low EV

random error

chance variation in measurement process (unknown/uncotnrolled factors interfere)

systematic error

flaw in research design

ethical concepts (BINJR)

• beneficience

• intergrity

• non-maleficence

• justice

• respect

beneficience

commitment to maximising benefits and minimising risks and harm in experiment

integrity

• commitment to search for knowledge

• honest reporting of all sources of information and results

non-maleficence

• avoid causing harm

• in the case where the research investigation may involve some degree of harm, the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits

justice

making decisions that are fair, balanced, and equitable, so no one is unfairly harmed and everyone has access to benefits.

respect

valuing the rights, choices, and well-being of living things, and treating them fairly, whether they can make decisions or not.

ethical guidelines (Very Inspiring Women Dont Drink Coffee)

• Voluntary participation

• Informed consent

• Withdrawal rights

• Deception

• Debriefing

• Confidentiality

Voluntary participation

participanmts must freely choose to involved without coercion

Informed consent

• understand nature and purpose of study incl risks before agreeing

• obtain written consent by participants or parents/guardians if participants are unable to

Withdrawal rights

able to discontinue involvement at any time

Deception

• only permission if knowing true purpose can affect behaviour and therefore validity

• benefits of deception should justify its use

Debriefing

• participants understand aim, results and conclusion at the conclusion of experiment

• address any questions

• provide support to prevent long lasting harm

Confidentiality

• protecting privacy of participants personal information

• anonymity in individual results

explanatory power of GAS model

• evidence of relationship b/w stress and illness

• does not consider psychological responses to stresss

explanatory power of TMSC

• accounts for individual differences

• overlooks physiological response to stress

explanatory power of multistore model

• outlines memory as a simple lienar process through its 3 distinct stores

• doesnt explain why some memories still go to ltm without rehearsal

outline sewb

multidimensional and holistic frameowkr that describes the phsyical, social, emotional, spiritual and cultural wellbeing of a person by encapusalting all elements of being

domains of sewb (BB CCC SA FK ME)

• body and behaviours

• culture

• country

• community

• spirit and ancestry

• family and kinship

• mind and emotions

body and behaviours

connection to physical body and health to be able to participate in all aspects of life

country

traditional lands of ATSI peoples including the physical land itself and the spiritual, emotional and cultural connections within it

culture

connection to idrtntiy and heritage including knowledge systems, cultural traditions and practices.

community

connection to a multimodal communal space which provides opportunities for individuals and families to connect with eachother

family and kinship

relationship to immediate and wider family grouop - maintain interconnectedness through cultural ties and caring relationships

mind and emotions

Emphasises the individual’s personal experience of their mental wellbeing (or mental ill-health) and their ability to manage thoughts and feelings

sprirtuality and ancestors

interconnection between Country, human and non-human beings, as well as the past, present and future.

affective effects

• increased irritability

• reduced empathy

cognitive effects

• reduced alertness

• impaired memory

behaviour

• microsleeps

• reduced task efficiency

role of hippocampus

encoding and retrieval of explicit memories (consolidation)

role of neocortex

• stores explicit memories

• reconstruction of memories from different regions to create a single cohesive memory

role of amygdala

• work w/ hippocampus to attach emotional singificane to memory (release of adrenaline)

• formation and storage of classically conditioned fear responses

role of cerebellum

• encoding procedural memories related to motor skills

• storage of classically conditioned reflexes

role of basal ganglia

encoding and sotrage of procedural memory related to habits

dopamine

pleasure and motivation(excit and inhib)

serotonin

mood (inhib)

atsi ways of knowing

• story sharing

• learning maps

• non verbal

• non linear

• land links

• community links