Studied by 3 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
trephining
was a form of treatment that was supposed to let the spirits escape
deinstitutionalization
the development of drugs in more recent times that moderated the effects of severe disorders caused many people to be released from mental institutions
preventative efforts
means that if psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe the suffering of the client as well as the cost of providing care can be reduced
primary prevention efforts
attempt to reduce the incidence of societal problems, such as joblessness or homelessness, that can give rise to mental health issues
secondary prevention efforts
involves working with people at risk for developing specific problems
tertiary prevention efforts
aim to keep people’s mental health issues from becoming more severe
psychoanalysis
a therapeutic technique developed by Sigmund Freud
symptom substitution
after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem
hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness. when in this state, psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts
free associate
to say whatever comes to mind without thinking
dream analysis
ask their patients to describe their dreams
manifest content
what the patient reports in dream analysis
latent
what is really of interest to the analyst; hidden content
resistance
psychoanalysts may see latent as objections as signs
transference
when, in the course of therapy, patients begin to have strong feelings toward their therapists
insight therapies
highlight the importance of the patients/clients gaining an understanding of their problems.
Carl Rogers
one of the best-known humanistic therapists; created client-centered therapy
client-centered therapy
hinges on the therapist providing the client with what Rogers termed unconditional positive regard
unconditional positive regard
blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
non-directive
would not tell their clients what to do but, rather, would seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves
active listening
client-centered therapists say very little, and mirror back what clients are saying
Gestalt therapy
these therapists encourage their clients to get in touch with their whole selves
existential therapies
are humanistic therapies that focus on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives
counterconditioning
a kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one
Joseph Wolpe
a behaviorist who created systematic desensitization which involves counterconditioning
anxiety hierarchy
is a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, starting with the least frightening and ending with the most frightening
in vivo desensitization
the client confronts the actual feared objects or situations
covert desensitization
the client imagines the fear-inducing stimuli
flooding
like systematic desensitization, can be in vivo or covert, and involves having the client address the most frightening scenario first
extinguished
if someone was to address the most frightening scenario but nothing bad was happening to them
aversive conditioning
involves pairing a habit a person wishes to break such as smoking or bed-wetting with an unpleasant stimulus such as electric shock or nausea
cognitive therapy
created by Aaron Beck, a process most often employed in the treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success
rational emotive behavior therapy
therapists using this method look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients
family therapy
a common use of group therapy where families are treated
self-help groups
a form of group therapy that does not involve a therapist at all
chemotherapy
the most common type of somatic therapy is drug therapy
antipsychotic drugs
examples include Thorazine or Haldol; generally function by blocking the receptor sites for dopamine
lithium
often used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
another kind of somatic therapy
barbiturates
one type of antianxiety drugs, an example is Miltown
benzodiazepines
another type of antianxiety; examples include Xanax and Valium
drugs to treat unipolar depression
tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO, inhibitors, serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (most notably Prozac)
bilateral ECT
an electric current is passed through both hemispheres of the brain, which has more negative side effects
unilateral ECT
involves running current through only one hemisphere
psychosurgery
involves the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior, is used only as a last resort and only on people suffering to a great extent
prefrontal lobotomy
an early form of psychosurgery; this operation involved cutting the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brain
psychiatrists
medical doctors and are therefore the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication in most U.S. states
clinical psychologists
earn doctoral degrees (Ph. D.s) that require four or more years of study, usually deal with people who are suffering from problems more severe than everyday difficulties with work or family
counseling therapists or counseling psychotherapists
typically have some kind of graduate degree in psychology, generally help people whose problems are less severe than those that bring people to clinical psychologists
psychoanalysts
people specifically trained in Freudian methods. they may or may not hold medical degrees
