chapter 3 actual words

hernia

protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it

hiatal hernia

the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm

inguinal hernia

part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region

cystocele

part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles

rectocele

the protrusion pf a portion of the rectum toward the vagina

omphalocele

herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel

gram-postive bacteria

retain light purple color of the stain used in the Gram's method

gram-negative bacteria

has the pink color of the counterstain used in the Gram's method

streptococcus

berry-shaped bacterium. causes strep throat, tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, and certain kidney ailments infections in teeth

staphylococci

grape like. external or internal lessions

abscess

collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein present at the site of infection

MRSA

serious staphylococcal condition that is difficult to treat with antibiotics

diplococci

pneumococci and gonococci

pneumococci

cause bacterial pneumonia

gonococci

invades the reproductive organs causing gonorrhea

c. difficile infection

causes inflammation of the color and severe diarrheal disease , common with antibiotics for long periods of time (become nonresistant)

fecal transplant

transfer of stool containing normal bacteria from a healthy donor into the colon of th epatient with chronic c. difficile infection

erythrocytes

red blood cells made in the bone marrow and carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood and release energy through catabolism

hemoglobin

important protein in erythrocytes and carries oxygen through the bloodstream

leukocytes

white blood cells (five types)

granulocytes

(3 types!) contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus formed in the bone marrow

eosinophils

granules stained red with acidic stain and are increased in conditions like asthma

basophils

granules stain blue with basic stain and increase in the healing phase of inflammation

neutrophils

granules stain a pale purple with neutral stain. most important disease-fighting cells and most numerous. are phagocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

phagocytes

eating, engulfing and digesting bacteria like circulating

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils)

multilobed nucleus

mononuclear cells

have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm, produced in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen (two types!)

lymphocytes

fight disease by producing antibiotics and destroy foreign cells. T cells and b cells

monocytes

engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells. leave bloodstream and enter tissues to become MACROphages (large phagocytes)

thrombocytes or platelets

tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and necessary to blood clotting

NLMEB

never (neutrophil), let (lymphocyte), monkeys (monocyte), eat (eosinophil), bananas (basophil)

acromegaly

endocrine disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produced an excessive amount of growth hormone after puberty

laparoscopy

a visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope to examine viscera for evidence of disease or procedures of removal

tracheotomy

an incision into the trachea typically done to open it below a blockage, removes a foreign body

tracheostomy

opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted, required to allow air to flow into the lungs

adenois

small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx near the nose and nasal passages

Amniocentesis

Withdrawal of fluid that surrounds the embryo for culture and karyotyping

guided by ultrasound

• The procedure is generally carried out between 15-18 weeks gestation

• Detects chromosomal abnormalities, fetal sex, open neural tube defects and

other abnormalities

Anemia

Literal meaning is “no blood”

• A condition in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are reduced in

number or volume or are deficient in hemoglobin

Achondroplasia

A genetic disorder characterized by an abnormality in the conversion of

cartilage into bone

• Long bones such as the femur and humerus cannot grow

• The most common cause of dwarfism

• Characterized by short limbs, a normal trunk, enlarged head, bulging

forehead, saddle nose, protruding jaw, deeply incurved lower back with

prominent buttocks, and a narrow chest

• Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait

Ischemia

Decreased blood flow to a tissue/organ depriving cells of oxygen

– Leads to necrosis (tissue death) if not reversed

Hemostasis

The control of blood loss after injury or surgery

Leukemia

Cancer of the blood-forming tissues characterized by a large increase in

the numbers of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the circulation or bone

marrow

– A number of different leukemias are classified according to the course of

the disease and the predominant type of white blood cell involved

Lymphoma

Any of a group of malignant diseases of the lymphatic system, usually

starting in the lymph nodes or in lymphoid tissues of other organs, such

as the lungs, spleen, and skin

– Classified into two types, Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin

Spleen

Part of the lymphatic system located in the LUQ

– Removes old RBC out of circulation

– Manufactures WBC to fight disease

Splenomegaly

Abnormal enlargement of the spleen

• Most commonly caused by portal vein hypertension

• Other causes include hemolytic blood diseases and mononucleosis