MAMA Sheet (Microbiology Lab Practical II)

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Hydrolysis of Starch

Medium: Starch Agar
Substrate: Starch
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Hydrolysis
- Enzyme: Amylase
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Indole
End Products: Sugar

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>Starch Agar</p></li><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>Starch</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Hydrolysis</p></li><li><p>Enzyme: Amylase</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>Indole</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products: </strong>Sugar</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Hydrolysis of Negative Result

Dark (Black/Brown) Area Around Bacteria

*E-coli

Explanation: This bacteria produces amylase to metabolize starch. The clear zone shows that no starch, thus no iodine stain.

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Hydrolysis of Starch Positive Result

Light Area/Color (Clear/Golden Zone) Around Bacteria

*B. subtillus

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Hydrolysis of Gelatin

Medium: Gelatin (Tall)
Substrate: Gelatin
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Hydrolysis
- Enzyme: Gelatinase
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: Amino Acid

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>Gelatin (Tall)</p></li><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>Gelatin</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Hydrolysis</p></li><li><p>Enzyme: Gelatinase</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>N/A</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products: </strong>Amino Acid</p></li></ul><p></p><p></p>

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Hyrolysis of Gelatin Negative Result

Solid

Explanation: This bacteria produces gelatinase, which can break down collagen and tissues in a clinical setting.

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Hydrolysis of Gelatin Positive Result

Liquid

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Fermentation of Carbohydrates

Medium: CHO Broth, 1x Sugar, Phenol Red, Durham Tube, Basal Media
Substrate: 1x Sugar (Glucose, Sucrose, Lactose, or Mannitol)
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Fermentation
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Phenol Red
End Products:
- Organic Acids + ATP OR
- (Slow) Organic Acids + ATP OR
- Organic Acids + ATP + CO2

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>CHO Broth, 1x Sugar, Phenol Red, Durham Tube, Basal Media</p></li><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>1x Sugar (Glucose, Sucrose, Lactose, or Mannitol)</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Fermentation</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>Phenol Red</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Organic Acids + ATP <strong>OR</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>(Slow) </strong>Organic Acids + ATP<strong> OR</strong></p></li><li><p>Organic Acids + ATP + CO2 </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Fermentation of Carbohydrates Negative Result (B)

*B = Basic
pH: Basic
Color: Red/Magenta (emphasis on Magenta)

Explanation: This bacterium ferments carbohydrates and releases organic acids.

<ul><li><p><strong>*B = Basic</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Basic</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Red/Magenta (emphasis on Magenta)</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacterium ferments carbohydrates and releases organic acids.</p><p></p>

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Fermentation of Carbohydrates Negative Result (SB)

*SB = Slow Basic
pH: Slow Basic
Color: Patchy Red/Magenta Gradient

Explanation: This bacterium ferments carbohydrates and slowly releases organic acids.

<ul><li><p><strong>*SB = Slow Basic</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: Slow </strong>Basic</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Patchy<strong> </strong>Red/Magenta Gradient</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacterium ferments carbohydrates and slowly releases organic acids.</p><p></p>

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Fermentation of Carbohydrates Positive Result (A)

*A = Acid
pH: Acid
Color: Yellow

<ul><li><p><strong>*A = Acid</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Yellow</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Fermentation of Carbohydrates Positive Result (A/g)

*A/g = Acid + Bubble (gas)
pH: Acid
Color: Yellow

<ul><li><p><strong>*A/g = Acid + Bubble (gas)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Yellow</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Fermentation of Carbohydrates Positive Result (S/A)

*S/A = Slow Acid
pH: Slow Acid
Color: Yellow + Little Orange

Explanation: Yellow with orange layer on top, orange- tinted durham tube.

<ul><li><p><strong>*S/A = Slow Acid</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: Slow </strong>Acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Yellow + Little Orange</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>Yellow with orange layer on top, orange- tinted durham tube.</p><p></p>

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Fermentation

Medium: Litmus Milk
Substrate: Lactose
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Fermentation
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Litmus Dye
End Products:
- Organic Acids + ATP OR
- Organic Acids + ATP + Hard Curd/Protein OR
- Organic Acids + ATP + Hard Curd + CO2

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>Litmus Milk</p></li><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>Lactose</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Fermentation</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>Litmus Dye </p></li><li><p><strong>End Products:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Organic Acids + ATP <strong>OR</strong></p></li><li><p>Organic Acids + ATP<strong> + </strong>Hard Curd/Protein <strong>OR</strong></p></li><li><p>Organic Acids + ATP + Hard Curd + CO2 </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Fermentation Negative Result

Color:
- Purple Milk/Control
- Blue Milk (Blueberry Blue)
- Grape Juice (Diluted Yellow/Clear)

<ul><li><p><strong>Color:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Purple Milk/Control</p></li><li><p>Blue Milk (Blueberry Blue)</p></li><li><p>Grape Juice (Diluted Yellow/Clear)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><img src="https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1410353846429028375/1435438789203071060/PHOTO-2025-11-03-12-07-45.jpg?ex=690ca0cc&is=690b4f4c&hm=13745820c3dd02965c2a96697f8e8856c7524870fe8bde54aba3d73017473705&=&format=webp&width=365&height=649" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="Image"><p></p>

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Fermentation Positive Result (A)

*A = Pink
pH: Acid
Color: Pink Milk

<ul><li><p><strong>*A = Pink </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong> Pink Milk</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Fermentation Positive Result (A/C)

*A = Pink (Acidic), C = Curd (Solid)
pH: Acid
Color: Pastel Pink Milk + Hard Curd (Solid)

Explanation: In overly acidic environments, the milk curdles and coagulases the following milk proteins: casein and lactalbumin.

<ul><li><p><strong>*A = Pink (Acidic), C = Curd (Solid)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Pastel Pink Milk + Hard Curd (Solid)</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>In overly acidic environments, the milk curdles and coagulases the following milk proteins: casein and lactalbumin.</p><p></p>

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Fermentation Positive Result (A/C/G)

*A = Pink (Acidic), C = Curd (Solid), G = Gas (CO2 gas cracks)
pH: Acid
Color: Pastel Pink Milk + Hard Curd (Solid) + Gas Cracks

<ul><li><p><strong>*A = Pink (Acidic), C = Curd (Solid), G = Gas (CO2 gas cracks)</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Acid</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Pastel Pink Milk + Hard Curd (Solid) + Gas Cracks</p></li></ul><p></p><p></p>

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Alkalinization

Medium: Litmus Milk
Substrate: Casein (Colloid)
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Alkalinization (partial hydrolysis)
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Litmus Dye
End Products:
- Polypetides (Colloids) + Basic Amines

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Alkalinization Negative Result (-)

Color:
- Pink Milk
- Purple Milk (Control)
- Grape Juice

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Alkalinization Positive Result (B or BR)

*B = Blue, R = Bleached
pH: Basic
Color: (Blueberry) Blue Milk

<ul><li><p><strong>*B = Blue,</strong> <strong>R = Bleached</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Basic</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>(Blueberry) Blue Milk</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Peptonization

Medium: Litmus Milk
Substrate: Proteins: Casein & Lactalbumin
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Peptonization (complete hydrolysis)
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Litmus Dye
End Products:
- Amino Acids OR
- Amino Acids + Rennet Curd

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>Litmus Milk</p></li><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>Proteins: Casein & Lactalbumin</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Peptonization (complete hydrolysis)</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>Litmus Dye</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Amino Acids <strong>OR</strong></p></li><li><p>Amino Acids + Rennet Curd</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Peptonization Negative Result (-)

Pink Milk
Purple Milk/Control
(Blueberry) Blue Milk

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Peptonization Positive Result (P/PR/PRC)

*P = Translucent, R = Bleached, C = Curd
Color:
- Translucent/Clearish Liquid OR Translucent + Soft Curd

<ul><li><p><strong>*P = Translucent, R = Bleached, C = Curd</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong></p><ul><li><p>Translucent/Clearish Liquid<strong> OR</strong> Translucent + Soft Curd </p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Reduction

Medium: Litmus Milk
Substrate: Litmus
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Reduction (anaerobic respiration)
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Litmus Dye
End Products:
- Leucolitimus (reduced litmus) + ATP

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Reduction Negative Result

Color: Litmus Colors (Pink, Purple, Blue) or Partially White Bowl

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Reduction Positive Result (R)

Color: Bleached Litmus

*Area of NO pink, purple, or blue.

*Bowl must be completely white.

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Reduction of Nitrates

Medium: Nitrate Broth
Substrate: Nitrates
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Shake tube, pour 1ml, + 3 drops of Sulfanillic Acid, + 2 drops DAN, wait 1-2 mins
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Anaerobic Respiration (ETC)
End Products: Nitrites

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>Nitrate Broth</p></li><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>Nitrates</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Shake tube, pour 1ml, + 3 drops of Sulfanillic Acid, + 2 drops DAN, wait 1-2 mins</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>Anaerobic Respiration (ETC)</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products: </strong>Nitrites</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Reduction of Nitrates Negative Result

Color:
- Pink
- Anything Else

<ul><li><p><strong>Color:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pink</p></li><li><p>Anything Else</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Reduction of Nitrates Positive Result

Colors:
- Red
- Magenta
- Orange-Red

Explanation: This bacterium uses nitrate as a final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration, reducing it to nitrite.

<ul><li><p><strong>Colors:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Red</p></li><li><p>Magenta</p></li><li><p>Orange-Red</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacterium uses nitrate as a final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration, reducing it to nitrite.</p>

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Production of Decarboxylase

Medium: Decarboxylase Broth +Basal Medium + Bromcresol Purple + 1x Amino Acid (aa) + Mineral Oil

Substrate: Amino Acid
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Enzyme: Decarboxylase
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Bromcresol Purple
End Products: N/A

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Production of Decarboxylase Negative Result

Color:
- Yellow
- Burgundy

*COVER OIL & HOLD UP TO LIGHT!

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Production of Decarboxylase Positive Result

Color: Purple/Violet
pH: Basic

*COVER OIL & HOLD UP TO LIGHT!

Explanation: This bacteria produces decarboxylase to remove carboxyl group from amino acid. Amino acid becomes a basic amine, making the medium basic.

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Hydrolysis of Urea

Medium: Urea Broth

Substrate: Urea
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Hydrolysis
- Enzyme: Urease
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: Basic Ammonia + CO2

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Hydrolysis of Urea Negative Result

pH: Acidic
Color: Any other color aside from magenta.

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Hydrolysis of Urea Positive Result

pH: Basic
Color: Magenta

Explanation: This bacteria produces urease to hydrolyze urea. End product is ammonium, making the broth basic.

<ul><li><p><strong>pH: </strong>Basic</p></li><li><p><strong>Color: </strong>Magenta</p></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation</strong>: This bacteria produces urease to hydrolyze urea. End product is ammonium, making the broth basic.</p><p></p>

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Oxygen Requirements - Obligate Aerobe

YES Oxygen
Bacteria grows from the TOP where concentration of oxygen is the highest.

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Oxygen Requirements - Obligate Anerobe

NO Oxygen
Bacteria grows at the BOTTOM where concentration of oxygen is the lowest.
Slant: Growth
Tall: Growth on Top
Thiglycollate Broth: No Growth

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Oxygen Requirements - Facultative Anaerobe

YES or NO Oxygen (Can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen).
Bacteria grows in the MIDDLE.
Slant: Growth
Tall: Growth
Thiglycollate Broth: Growth.

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Oxygen Requirements - Microaerophile

Bacteria can only grow in the presence of a small/limited amount of oxygen; TOO much oxygen is toxic.
Slant: No Growth

Tall: Growth
Thiglycollate Broth: Growth just below the surface.

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<p><strong>Oxygen Requirements - </strong>Guess the following.</p>

Oxygen Requirements - Guess the following.

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SIM Test - S: Hydrogen Sulfide Production

Medium: SIM

Substrate: CyStine
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Anaerobic Respiration
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: ATP + H2S

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>SIM</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>CyStine</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Anaerobic Respiration</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>N/A</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products:</strong> ATP + H2S</p></li></ul><p></p>

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SIM Test - S: Hydrogen Sulfide Production Negative & Positive Results

Negative: No Black Precipitate
Positive: Black Precipiate
- Explanation: This bacteria takes sulfur (from R-group of cysteine) and uses sulfate as a final electron acceptor in ETC. Produces hydrogen sulfide.

Sulphur Reduction Test - Principle, Procedure, Uses and Interpretation

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SIM Test - I: Indole Production

Medium: SIM

Substrate: Trytophan
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Hydrolysis of Trytophan
- Enzyme: Trytophanase
pH. Indicator/Reagents: 10 Drops of Kovacs Indicator
End Products: Intermediate Products of Kovacs Indicator (2)
- Indole
- Pyruvic Acid + Ammonia

<ul><li><p><strong>Medium: </strong>SIM</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Substrate: </strong>Trytophan</p></li><li><p><strong>Pathway/Enzyme:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Pathway: Hydrolysis of Trytophan</p></li><li><p>Enzyme: Trytophanase</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>pH. Indicator/Reagents: </strong>10 Drops of Kovacs Indicator</p></li><li><p><strong>End Products:</strong> Intermediate Products of Kovacs Indicator (2)</p><ul><li><p>Indole </p></li><li><p>Pyruvic Acid + Ammonia</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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SIM Test - I: Indole Production Negative & Positive Results

Negative: Anything Else (surface lacks red layer/ring)
Positive: Red Surface Layer/Ring
- Explanation: This bacteria metabolizes tryptophan into indole.

<ul><li><p><strong>Negative:</strong> Anything Else (surface lacks red layer/ring)</p></li><li><p><strong>Positive:</strong> Red Surface Layer/Ring</p><ul><li><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacteria metabolizes tryptophan into indole.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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<p><strong>SIM Test - </strong>M: Motility</p>

SIM Test - M: Motility

Negative: Clean Stab (No Fuzz/Spikes)
Positive: Fuzz/Spikes Around Stab

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MR-VP Broth: Methyl Red Test

Medium: MR-VP Broth

Substrate: Glucose
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Fermentation
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Shake Broth, Pour 1ml, + 10 Drops of Methyl Red
End Products:
- ATP + Amino Acids

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MR-VP Broth: Methyl Red Test Negative & Positive Results

Negative: Red Color
Positive: Yellow Color or Anything Else
- Explanation: This bacteria ferments and releases lactic acid (pH <4.4).

<ul><li><p><strong>Negative: </strong>Red Color</p></li><li><p><strong>Positive:</strong> Yellow Color or Anything Else</p><ul><li><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacteria ferments and releases lactic acid (pH <4.4).</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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MR-VP Broth: Voges-Proskauer Test

Medium: MR-VP Broth

Substrate: Glucose
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Fermentation
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Shake Broth, Pour 1 ml, +10 Drops of Naphthol, +10 Drops Potassium Hyroxide (KOH)
End Products:
- Organic Acids + ATP + Acetyl Methyl Carbinol (AMC)

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MR-VP Broth: Voges-Proskauer Test Negative & Positive Results

Negative: No Red Ring
Positive: Red Ring
- Explanation: The bacterium ferments and releases alcohols.

<ul><li><p><strong>Negative: </strong>No Red Ring</p></li><li><p><strong>Positive: </strong>Red Ring</p><ul><li><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>The bacterium ferments and releases alcohols.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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Utilization of Unusual Nitrogen

Medium: Ammonium Phosphate Broth + Bromcresol Dye

Substrate: Ammonium (NH2)
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Ammonium Phosphate (Unique Nitrogen Source)
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: Ammonia (NH3) + Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

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Utilization of Unusual Nitrogen Negative Results

Colors:
- Red
- Burgundy

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Utilization of Unusual Nitrogen Positive Results (A or S+)

*A = Acidic, S+ = Slow Positive
A = Yellow Color
S+ = Brown Color

Explanation: The bacterium uses ammonium as a nitrogen source, producing phosphoric acid and turning the media acidic.

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Utilization of Unusual Carbon

Medium: SMinimal MediaIM

Substrate: Citrate
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Enzyme: Citrase (Unique Carbon Source)
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: Acetate (C2H4O2) + Oxalacetone (C4H4O5)

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Utilization of Unusual Carbon Negative Results

No Growth/Clumps/Clear

<ul><li><p>No Growth/Clumps/Clear</p></li></ul><p></p>

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Utilization of Unusual Carbon Positive Results

Growth
- Shingle
- Cloudy/Turbid
- Specks
- Membrane Layer on Top

Explanation: This bacteria produces citritase to break down citrate as a carbon source for growth.

<ul><li><p>Growth</p><ul><li><p>Shingle</p></li><li><p>Cloudy/Turbid</p></li><li><p>Specks</p></li><li><p>Membrane Layer on Top</p></li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacteria produces citritase to break down citrate as a carbon source for growth.</p><p></p>

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Detection of Catalase

Medium: Nutrient Agar Slant

Substrate: Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Enzyme: Catalase
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Hydrogen Peroxide
End Products: Intermediate Products of Kovacs Indicator (2)
- Water (H2O)
- Oxygen (O2)

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Detection of Catalase Negative & Positive Results

Negative Result: No Bubbles
Positive Result: Bubbles
- Explanation: The bacteria produces catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.

<ul><li><p><strong>Negative Result:</strong> No Bubbles</p></li><li><p><strong>Positive Result:</strong> Bubbles</p><ul><li><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>The bacteria produces catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>

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MSA/Staph Test

Medium: Mannitol Salt Agar
- *Mannitol Sugar, High Salt (selective), Phenol Red Indicator (differential)

Substrate: Mannitol
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Fermentation
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: Organic Acids + ATP

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MSA/Staph Negative Results

Color: Medium Remains Red/Pink

<ul><li><p><strong>Color:</strong> Medium Remains Red/Pink</p></li></ul><img src="https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1410353846429028375/1435439222311096451/PHOTO-2025-11-03-11-41-38.jpg?ex=690ca133&is=690b4fb3&hm=4a374a5f4f292399da0401be9f3eda0532404b233953b0e44b946632ec8ee53f&=&format=webp&width=365&height=649" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="Image"><p></p>

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MSA/Staph Positive Results

Color: Yellow Agar
- Yellowing of media next to media (indicates fermentation).

Explanation: This bacteria survives high salt environment, breaks down manitol, releases organic acids. If it ferments, pathogenic strain. Preliminary test for staph.

<ul><li><p><strong>Color:</strong> Yellow Agar</p><ul><li><p>Yellowing of media next to media (indicates fermentation).</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacteria survives high salt environment, breaks down manitol, releases organic acids. If it ferments, pathogenic strain. Preliminary test for staph.</p><img src="https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1410353846429028375/1435438787340664942/PHOTO-2025-11-03-11-43-09.jpg?ex=690ca0cc&is=690b4f4c&hm=9a4a49974daedb4a17410c3cf6b6072f558a2132ae650786293dc425610e68c1&=&format=webp&width=365&height=649" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="Image"><p></p>

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Coagulase Production

Medium: Rabbit Plasma + Anticoagulant (EDTA)

Substrate: Rabbit Plasma
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Enzyme: Coagulase
pH. Indicator/Reagents: N/A
End Products: Coagulation/Clotting

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Coagulase Production Negative & Positive Results

Negative Result: Liquid
Positive Result: Solid
- Explanation: This bacteria produces coagulace and clots plasma (which is liquid due to anticoagulant). Confirmatory test for staph.

*Tilt when observing tubes.

*Top = Negative Result; Bottom = Positive Result

<ul><li><p><strong>Negative Result: </strong>Liquid</p></li><li><p><strong>Positive Result: </strong>Solid</p><ul><li><p><strong>Explanation: </strong>This bacteria produces <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 1.6rem;"><span>coagulace and clots plasma (</span></span>which is liquid due to anticoagulant). Confirmatory test for staph.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>*Tilt when observing tubes.</strong></p><img src="https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1410353846429028375/1435439222730395660/PHOTO-2025-11-03-12-59-08.jpg?ex=690ca133&is=690b4fb3&hm=d4a495446bb7b689facb859d597259e960aff110e6b5e14b37cd7ba8139f72a1&=&format=webp&width=365&height=649" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="Image"><img src="https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1410353846429028375/1435439225033068629/PHOTO-2025-11-03-12-58-42.jpg?ex=690ca134&is=690b4fb4&hm=b8416208d00af2b72de098d6e105fb81d976da420f014c739925595323bd3778&=&format=webp&width=365&height=649" data-width="100%" data-align="center" alt="Image"><p>*Top = Negative Result; Bottom = Positive Result</p>

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Latex Agglutination Test

Medium: Reaction Card

Substrate: Antigen OR Antibody
Pathway/Enzyme:
- Pathway: Antigen-Antibody Complex
pH. Indicator/Reagents: Latex particles/beads coated with antibodies.
End Products: Visible Antigen-Antibody Complexes

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Latex Agglutination Test Negative & Positive Results

Negative Results: No Clumping/Smooth Texture (after drying)
Positive Results: Clumping (after drying)
- Explanation: This bacteria produces protein A, which is recognized by the latex agglutins. Indicative of staphylococcus.

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<p><strong>Hemolysin Production: </strong>Alpha Hemolysis</p>

Hemolysin Production: Alpha Hemolysis

Partial Lysis of Hemoglobin
Result: Greenish/Brown/Mettalic Color on Media

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<p><strong>Hemolysin Production: </strong>Beta Hemolysis</p>

Hemolysin Production: Beta Hemolysis

Complete Lysis of Hemoglobin & RBCs
Result: Clear, Colorless Zone Surrounding Colonies (plate is slightly transparent)

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<p><strong>Hemolysin Production: </strong>Gamma Hemolysis</p>

Hemolysin Production: Gamma Hemolysis

Hemoglobin remains unaffected; plasma proteins are used for growth.
Results: Red (no change in media/plate)