unit 2.1 ch.5 metabolism

metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body, breakdown and build up of nutrients within a cell

metabolic pathway

determined by enzymes, sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

anabolism

use energy, endergonic, build up, synthesize

catabolism

exergonic, breaks down, provides energy

enzymes

encoded by genes, biological catalyst act on specific substrate and lowers activation energy, ends with -ase usually, remains unchanged after reaction

factors that influence enzyme activity

high temp, extreme ph denature proteins, high substrate concentration,

activation energy

(collision) energy required for chemical reaction to occur

atp in metabolism

for anabolic rxns it is required for catabolic rxns it is released by oxidation

redox rxns in metabolism

catabolic is oxidation so it loses e- or h atoms, anabolic is reductive gains e- and h atom

electron carriers in metabolism

shuttle electrons between each other to generate atp, cellular respiration NAD and FAD

oxidation agent

causes oxidation by accepting electrons and getting reduced

reducing agent

causes reduction by losing e- and gets oxidized

redox hydrogren

moves from the reducing agent to oxidizing agent, oxidation is the loss of this and reduction is the gain of this

redox oxygen

oxidation is the gain of this and reduction is a loss of this

redox electrons

donated electrons = reducing agent, gaining electrons = oxidation agent (carrier NAD+, FAD+)

redox energy

released during oxidation when the electrons are transferred

how is metabolism regulated by competitive inhibition of enzymes

it blocks substrates from binding to the active site by binding to the active site first

how is metabolism regulated by non-competitive inhibition of enzymes

it blocks substrate from binding to the active site by binding to an allosteric site and altering active site so that substrate can no longer bind

types of phosphorylation

substrate level, oxidative, photophosphorylation

metabolic pathways in cellular respiration generate ATP

breaks down glucose to produce this, 30 to 32 per glucoses (most in etc 28-32)

metabolic pathways in cellular respiration generate NADH

2 in glycolysis, 2 in pyruvate oxidatio,6 in kerbs cycle

metabolic pathways in cellular respiration generate intermediates

pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and various others

cellular respiration

oxidation of molecules to operate an electron transport chain, carb catabolism (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, e-tc), final e- acceptor is from outside cell and is inorganic, aerobic vs anaerobic, atp is generated by oxidative phosphorylation

metabolic pathways in cellular respiration generate co2

(aerobic) Krebs cycle, oxidizes pyretic acid and decarboxylation (loss of co2) occurs, results in acetyl CoA and NADH

aerobic in cellular respiration

uses oxygen as final electron acceptor, presence of O2, oxidizes pyruvic acid to CO2 and H2O

anaerobic cellular respiration

uses a molecule other than oxygen as final electron acceptor, occurs in absence of O2, reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid

fermentation

releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules, does not require oxygen, no kerb cycle of etc, uses organic molecule as final e- acceptor, produced small amount of atp

why does cellular respiration produce more atp then fermentation

because it includes the kerbs cycle and the e-tc

foods produced by bacterial fermentation

cheese, yogurt, rye bread, sauerkraut

beverages produced by bacterial fermentation

alcohol (beer &wine),

how fermentation is used in bacteriological identification (MRVP test)

bacteria that catabolize carbohydrate or protein produce acid, causing the pH indicator to change color. below 4.4= red, above 6= yellow

light dependent photosynthesis rxn

light, conversion of light energy into chemical energy, ATP & NADPH

light independent photosynthesis rxn

dark, ATP & NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via the Calvin-Benson Cycle

photosynthesis oxygenic

plants, algae, cyanobacteria, produces O2

CO2 + 12H2O + Light Energy —> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + O2

photosynthesis anoxygenic

purple sulfur/green sulfur bacteria, does not produce O2

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 12S

amphibole pathways

metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism

nutritional patterns of microbes by source of energy and carbon

photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, chemohetertroph

substrate

contacts enzymes active site to form complex, transformed and rearranged into products then released from enzyme, has enzymes specific to it

intermediate

chemical substance produced between conversion of substrate/reactant to product

metabolite

carbs, amino acids, proteins, ethanol, substance produced during metabolism

phosphorylation

this happens to adp to become atp, adding a phosphate group/ providing energy

denature

happens to an enzyme/protein at a certain temperature….

atp

adenosine triphosphate, main source of energy

catalyst

speed up chemical reactions without being altered

electron carrier

NAD+, NADP, FAD, coenzyme, donates e-

glycolysis

breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2NADH, 2atp, cytosol

CITRIC CYCLE/ KREBS CYCLE

completes breakdown of glucose, twice for 1 mol. of glucose, 2co2 &6NADH & 2FADH & 2ATP per glucose mol. mitochondrion

oxidative phosphorlation

accounts for most of atp synthesis, etc, chemiosmosis, mitochondrion

3 process of cellular respiration

glycolysis, kerbs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, (pyruvate oxidation= 2 acetyl CoA in mitochondrion)

biosynthesis

purine & pyrimidine (glycolysis & Krebs cycle), amino acid (Krebs cycle, transamination), simple lipids (glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone, Krebs cycle), polysaccharides (glycolysis)

electron acceptor

gains e-, ex) O, Fe(III), Mn(IV), SO4

enterobacteriaceae

rod shaped, gram negative, facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose, non spore forming, motile, reduces nitrate, e.coli. foodborne pathogens, UTIs

coliform

gram negative, rod shape, ferment lactose produce acid and gas

cyanobacteria

photoautotroph, oxygenic, oxygen production and nitrogen fixation

allosteric inhibition

indirectly changes the shape of the active site, rendering the enzyme nonfunctional, can be reversible or irreversible

anabaena

cyanobacterium, nitrogen fixing, aquatic, algae, photoautotroph

rhizobium

entner-doudoroff pathway, bacteria, gram negative, nitrogen fixation, rod shaped

carbon fixation

light independent reactions via calvin-benson cycle

chemiosmosis

process where ATP is generated from ADP using energy derived from the etc, electrons pass down while protons are pumped across membrane , establishes proton gradient (proton motive force) higher proton conc. diffuses to other side through atp synthase, releases energy to synthesize ATP

amphibolic

metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism

entner-doudoroff pathway

produces NADPH & ATP, does not involve glycolysis, operates independently, occurs in pseudomonas, rhizobium, and agrobacterium

pentose phosphate pathway

breaks down 5c sugars and/or glucose produces NADH, operates simultaneously w/ glycolysis, can provide intermediates fir synthesis rxns

(1)coenzyme vs (2)cofactor

(1) an organic version of 2, (2) the non protein component of an enzyme and activator

alcohol fermentation

produces ethanol + CO2, glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid (converted to acetaldehyde and CO2; NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol)

lactic acid

produces lactic acid, heterlactic (produces lactic acid and other compounds) and homolactic (only produces lactic acid), glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid, which is then reduced by NADH

(1)autotroph vs (2)heterotroph

heterotroph

obtains energy by consuming other organiusms

(1)phototroph vs (2)chemotroph

(1)photoautotroph vs (2) chemoautotroph

(1)chemoheterotroph vs (2)photoheterotroph

noncompetitive inhibitors

interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric state) rather than the active site, inhibits allosterically

competitive inhibitors

fills active site of an enzyme and competes with the substrate, sulfanilamide

autotroph

produces its own food

phototrophs

uses light energy to drive atp production

photoautotrophs

uses energy obtain initially from light in the calvin benson cycle to fix co2 to sugar, oxygenic or anoxygenic, oxygenic: cyanbacteria, plans and anoxygenic: green bacteria, purple bacteria

photohetertrophs

uses organic compounds as source of carbon, anoxygenic, green bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria

chemoautotrophs

obtain energy from inorganic chemicals use CO2 as c source, energy is used in Calvin-benson cycle to fix CO2, iron oxidizing bacteria

chemohetertroph

obtain energy and carbon from organic chemicals, medically and economically important, animals, fungi, protozoa, bactera