a&p test 4 key terms pt. 1

Nociceptors

pain (e.g., hot coffee burn)

Thermoreceptors

temperature

Mechanoreceptors

tactile (touch, pressure, vibration)

Proprioceptors

body/joint position, stretch of muscles.

Receptor

detects stimulus

Sensory (Afferent) Neuron

transmits impulse to CNS

Integration Center

interneurons that process the signal

Motor (Efferent) Neuron

carries signal to effector

Effector

muscle or gland that responds

Stretch Reflex does what

• Prevent muscle overstretching.

• Helps maintain muscle tone & posture.

Stretch = what?

prevents muscle over-stretching and maintains posture

Tendon Reflex (Golgi Tendon Organ) does what?

• Senses excessive tension

• Causes muscle relaxation

Tendon = what?

muscle relaxation/lengthening

Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex does what?

• Rapid withdrawal from painful stimulus

• Isilateral

Flexor = what?

withdraw from pain

Crossed-Extensor Reflex does what?

• Ipsilateral flexion + contralateral extension

• Help maintain balance

Crossed extensor = what?

prevents falls

Origin (Sympathetic)

Thoracolumbar

Origin (Parasympathetic)

Craniosacral

Preganglionic (Sympathetic)

Short

Preganglionic (Parasympathetic)

Long

Postganglionic (Sympathetic)

Long

Postganglionic (Parasympathetic)

Short

Function (Sympathetic)

Fight or flight

Function (Parasympathetic)

Rest & digest

Ganglia (Sympathetic)

Near spinal cord

Ganglia (Parasympathetic)

Near or in target organ

Parasympathetic Cranial/Sacral Outflow does what?

• Dominant in resting state

• Maintains normal GI & urinary function.

90% of fibers come from where?

cranial nerve X (vagus)

Parasympathetic tone does what?

keeps heart rate from being too high

Heart

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas

Small intestine

Ovaries

Colon

Urinary bladder

Ureters

Kidneys

Appendix

Gallbladder

Lungs and diaphragm

Cervical enlargement

Cervical spinal nerves

Dura and arachnoid mater

Thoracic spinal nerves

Lumbar enlargement

Conus medullaris

Lumbar spinal nerves

Cauda equina

Filum terminale

Sacral spinal nerves

Intervertebral Disc

Arachnoid Mater

Spinal dura Mater

Cauda equina in subarachnoid space

Filum terminale

Supra-spinous ligament

Ligamentum flavum

Lumbar puncture needle entering subarachnoid space