BY140 Exam 3

what makes up the kingdom plantae?

multicellular eukaryotic organisms composed of cells having plastids

what did plants evolve from?

green algal ancestors that lived in aquatic habitats

how are modern plants distinguished from algal relatives?

adaptations to terrestrial life

what eukaryotic supergroup do plants belong to?

archaeplastid

what are the major plant groups?

liverworts
mosses
hornworts
lycophytes
pteridophytes
cycads
ginkgo
conifers and gnetales
angiosperms

what are the major clades of plants?

nonvascular plants
seedless vascular plants
seed plants

what are the closest living relatives of the plants?

chara or coleochaete

what rates to streptophytes share with land plants?

features of cytokinesis
plasmodesmata connecting cells
sexual reproduction- egg and sperm

how does the evolution of land plants tell the story of adaptation to terrestrial habitats?

robust three dimensional structure
desiccation resistance
meristematic tissues support growth
specialized tissues and organs
alternation of generations
specialized reproductive structures

What phyla do mosses belong to?

Bryophyta

what phyla do ferns belong to?

pterophyta

what phyla does common pine belong to?

conifers

what phyla do flowering plants belong to?

angiosperms

what groups of plants make up the seedless plants?

lycophytes
pteridophytes

what are the diagnostic features of bryophytes (mosses)?

green flat structures that resemble true leaves, absorb water and nutrients

what are the diagnostic features of pteridophytes (ferns)?

true alternation of generations

what plants are members of tracheophytes?

seedless vascular plants
seed plants

what group of plants have stems, roots, and leaves?

tracheophytes

how does cuticle prevent desiccation?

waxy cuticle prevents water from leaving

how do stomata function?

open and close to allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss

how did the evolution of land plants lead to changes in atmospheric air?

proliferation of vascular plants resulted in a huge decrease in CO2

what is the alternation of generations life cycle?

one phase of life cycle based on a haploid form and another based on a diploid form

what generation is haploid?

gametophyte

what generation is diploid?

sporophyte

what structures are in the gametophyte generation?

spores and gametes

what structures are in the sporophyte structure?

zygote

what generation does mitosis occur?

gametophyte and sporophyte

what generation does meiosis occur?

sporophyte

what generation does fertilization occur?

happens in the gametophyte generation, which causes it to enter the sporophyte generation

what plants are gametophyte dominant?

bryophytes

what plants are sporophyte dominant?

all other groups of plants

what does it mean to say plants protect their embryos?

plant eggs are fertilized while still in the maternal plant body, and embryos develop while still in the plant

what are microphylls?

small leaves with a single vein

what are megaphylls?

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

why are branched leaves evolutionarily significant?

leaf can be larger, collect more sunlight (but need more water)

what is the structure of a seed?

1. seed coat
2. nutritive tissue (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
3. embryo

why is the seed evolutionarily significant?

enhancing sexual reproduction without the presence of water

what groups of plants comprise the seed plants?

seedless vascular plants and spermatophytes

what does it mean to call gymnosperms "naked seed" plants?

seeds are exposed, not enclosed in fruit

what is vascular cambium?

a ring of meristematic tissue located between the primary xylem and primary phloem

what is pollen?

male gametophyte

what are ovules?

within ovary. Small, round cases, each containing one or more egg cells. Ovule will become seed if egg is fertilized.

what are seeds?

fertilized ovules

describe cycads

palm like leaves
cones that attract pollen carriers
above ground roots

describe ginkgos

flagellated sperm
tree produces either ovules/seeds OR pollen

describe conifers

complex ovule-bearing cones are female
simple pollen cones are male
common in mountains and high latitude forests

what allows conifers to live in cold environments?

thick, waxy cuticle
conical shape and flexible branches
scale-like or needle shaped leaves

what are the distinct reproductive features of angiosperm?

flowers
fruits
endosperm

what are flowers?

modified leaves

what are fruits?

mature ovaries, enclose the seed

what is the endosperm?

a food-storing tissue of the seed

what is the anther?

produces pollen

what is filament?

stalk that supports the anther

what is stamen?

The male reproductive part of a flower

what is the petal?

It is a bright colored part of the flower that's odor and color attracts polinators

what is the sepal?

Protects the flower before it blooms

what is the stigma?

female reproductive system of the flower

what is the style?

connects stigma to ovary

what is the ovary?

is the hollow, bulb-shaped structure in the lower interior of the pistil. After seeds have formed, ovary ripens and becomes fruit.

what are the ovules?

seeds

what is the function of the flower?

attract pollinators, reproduction

how are flowers and evolutionary adaptation?

better to reproduce

where are fruits derived from?

ovaries

how are seeds different between eudicots and monocots?

eudicots have two seed leaves
monocots have one seed leaf

how are roots different between eudicots and monocots?

eudicots have a branching taproot
monocots have a fibrous root system

how are stems different between eudicots and monocots?

eudicot vascular bundles are arranged in a ring
monocot vascular bundles are scatterd

how are leaves different between eudicots and monocots?

eudicots have netted/branched leaves
monocot leaves are often branched parallel

how are flowers different between eudicots and monocots?

eduicot flower parts are in multiples of four or 5
monocot flower parts are in multiples of 3

how to animals get their energy?

heterotrophic by ingestion, making them chemoheterotrophic

what eukaryotic supergroup do animals belong to?

amorphea/ opisthokonta

what are the major groups of animals?

ctenophora
porifera
cnidaria
platyhelminthese
rotifera
bryozoa
brachiopoda
mollusca
annelida
nematoda
anthropoda
achinodermata
chordata

what are the major clades of animals?

bilateria
protostomia
lophotrochozoa
ecydysozoa
deuterostomia

what does it mean that animals are heterotrophic by ingestion?

animals ingest their food and have absorptive nutrition

what is suspension feeding?

filtering particles from surrounding water

what is bulk feeding?

eating large food pieces

what is fluid feeding?

sucking sap or animal body fluids

what does it mean for an animal to be motile?

capable of movement

what does it mean for an animal to be sedentary?

not moving

what does it mean for an animal to be sessile?

cannot spontaneously move (water beings)

what issue is unique to animals?

muscle tissue

what method to most animals reproduce by?

sexually, male-female mating system

what is internal fertilization?

sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract

what is external fertilization?

eggs are fertilized outside the female's body

what is direct development?

there is no larval stage involved in development
immature offspring is just a small version of the adult

what is indirect development?

metamorphosis

which group of protists did animals evolve?

choanoflagellates

what does metazoan mean?

Multicellular animal

what does parazoa mean?

organisms without specialized tissues or organs (phylum porifera)

what does eumetazoa mean?

organisms with specialized tissues or organs (all other animals that aren't sponges)

what is an asymmetric body?

not symmetric under any plane

what is radial symmetry in body plants?

divided equally along a plane through the central axis

what is bilateral symmetry?

two-sided symmetry

what are germ layers?

number of germ/ embryonic cell layers

what does diploblastic mean?

having two germ layers- radiata

what does triploblastic mean?

having three germ layers - bilateria

what is the endoderm?

innermost germ layer

what is the mesoderm?

middle layer

what is the ectoderm?

outer germ layer

what is the zygote?

fertilized egg

what is cleavage?

the zygote goes through many cell divisions where it splits but does not grow