Biology 111 - Cellular Reproduction

These flashcards cover essential concepts related to cellular reproduction from the lecture notes, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division, cell cycle checkpoints, and cloning.

What is the primary method of cell division for prokaryotes?

Binary fission, which allows for asexual reproduction.

What happens during the replication of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

The circular DNA double helix replicates and attaches to the plasma membrane at nearby points.

What are the two methods of cell division in eukaryotes?

Mitosis and Meiosis.

What does mitosis produce?

Cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

What is the role of meiosis in cellular reproduction?

Meiosis produces cells with half the normal complement of chromosomes, allowing for genetic recombination.

What are stem cells?

Cells capable of becoming any other type of cell, commonly found in embryos and certain tissues.

What structure is formed during cell division in plants to separate daughter cells?

Cell Plate.

What occurs at the checkpoint G1 of the cell cycle?

The cell evaluates whether to duplicate its DNA by checking for growth factors and DNA damage.

What is the function of the protein Retinoblastoma (Rb)?

It normally blocks DNA replication but can be inactivated by CDK.

What can happen if DNA is damaged during the cell cycle?

P53 is produced, preventing phosphorylation of Rb and blocking DNA replication.

What are telomeres?

Special regions at the ends of DNA strands that prevent loss of genetic information.

What is the significance of kinetochores in mitosis?

Kinetochores serve as attachment points for spindle fibers that separate sister chromatids.

What is cytokinesis?

The process where the cell membrane divides, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.

What are the major phases of mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

How do cancers arise with respect to cell division?

Cancers are caused by uncontrolled cell division, often due to mutations affecting growth regulation.

What is essential for successful cloning?

A donor cell containing the DNA of the individual to be cloned and an egg cell from a second donor.