Period' 8 APsuh

24th Amendment (1964)

Eliminated the poll tax.

Affirmative Action

Policies to promote minority opportunities.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Fought for cultural restoration and land rights.

Arms Race

Nuclear buildup between U.S. and USSR.

Baby Boom (1946-1964)

Population surge.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Established the principle of 'one person, one vote.'

Bakke v. California

Ruled affirmative action constitutional but limited racial quotas in 1978.

Barry Goldwater & The New Right

Opposed government intervention.

Berlin Blockade

USSR blocked West Berlin; U.S. countered with the Berlin Airlift.

Black Panthers

Militant group advocating self-defense and social programs for Black communities.

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Cesar Chavez & Dolores Huerta

Founded the United Farm Workers for labor rights.

Chernobyl

Catastrophic nuclear accident in the Soviet Union in 1986.

Children's Crusade

Student-led protests in Birmingham, met with violent police resistance, gaining national attention.

Civil Rights Act

Prohibited discrimination in public places and employment.

Civil Rights Movement (1940s-1950s)

A struggle for social justice and equality for African Americans.

Clean Air Act

Aimed to control air pollution nationwide, enacted in 1963.

Cold War Conflicts

U.S. interventions in foreign nations to prevent communism.

Cold War Without Direct War

Tensions between U.S. and USSR without direct military conflict.

Containment Policy

Strategy to prevent communism's spread.

Counterculture

Rejected traditional values; embraced peace, love, and rebellion.

Decolonization

Former European colonies gained independence.

Domino Theory

U.S. belief that if one country fell to communism, others would follow.

Earth Day

First celebration of Earth Day in 1970, promoting environmental conservation.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Ruled school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Failed due to opposition led by Phyllis Schlafly (STOP ERA campaign).

Executive Order 9981 (1948)

Desegregated the U.S. military.

Fall of the USSR

Official dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Fidel Castro & Bay of Pigs (1961)

Failed U.S.-backed invasion to overthrow Castro.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed legal counsel to those who cannot afford it.

Glasnost

Political transparency and increased freedoms.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Recognized a right to privacy in matters of contraception.

Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964)

Alleged attack on U.S. ships; led to Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, allowing LBJ to send troops without a formal declaration of war.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of North Vietnam, communist revolutionary.

Hollywood Ten

Blacklisted for alleged communist ties in 1947.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigated suspected communists.

Immigration Act of 1965

Abolished previous immigration quotas, leading to increased diversity.

Interstate Highway System (1956)

Improved transportation and commerce.

James Dobson & Focus on the Family

Conservative family values movement.

John Birch Society

Anti-communist and conservative organization.

John F. Kennedy

61-63: Cuban Missile, Space Race, Civil Rights, Increased Viet military Supported containment of communism.

Johnson's Great Society

Extension of FDR's New Deal: Aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.

Joseph McCarthy & McCarthyism

Unsubstantiated accusations of communism.

Kent State Massacre

National Guard killed four student protesters.

Korean War

50-53: Result of containment policy; ended in a stalemate.

Levittown

Growth of suburban communities.

Liberalism's Golden Age

Government expansion in social welfare and civil rights.

Loving v. Virginia

Legalized interracial marriage.

Loyalty Oaths

Employees had to swear anti-communist allegiance.

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Lyndon Johnson's Great Society

Programs to reduce poverty and racial injustice.

M.A.D (Mutually Assured Destruction)

Prevented nuclear war through deterrence.

Malcolm X

Advocated Black separatism and self-defense.

March on Washington

MLK delivered his famous speech advocating racial equality.

Marshall Plan

Economic aid to rebuild Europe and prevent communism.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader; advocated for nonviolent resistance; delivered the I Have a Dream speech in 1963.

Mass Culture

Growth of suburban life and media.

McCarthyism

Anti-communist paranoia.

Medicare & Medicaid (1965)

Provided healthcare for the elderly and low-income individuals.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Introduced reforms in 1985.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Introduced reforms including Perestroika.

MLK Assassination

Led to riots and marked a turning point in the movement.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks; led to desegregation of public buses.

Ms. Magazine

Founded by Gloria Steinem, promoted feminism.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966 to advocate for gender equality.

NATO

Military alliance against Soviet aggression.

Non-Aligned Movement

Some nations remained neutral during the Cold War.

Occupation of Alcatraz

Protest for indigenous rights from 1969 to 1971.

Office of Economic Opportunity

Created programs to address poverty.

Oil Crisis

OPEC reduced oil supply to America and raised prices in response to U.S. support for Israel in 1973.

Orval Faubus & Little Rock Nine (1957)

Arkansas governor resisted school integration.

Perestroika

Economic restructuring with limited capitalism.

Productivity Boom

Post-war economic expansion.

Public Opposition

Americans grew weary of the Vietnam War as casualties mounted.

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

Exposed dangers of pesticides like DDT, published in 1962.

Religious Right & Moral Majority

Led by Jerry Falwell; opposed liberal policies, established in 1979.

Richard Nixon and the EPA

Established the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate pollution in 1970.

Roe v. Wade

Legalized abortion in 1973.

Rosenberg Case

Executed in 1951 for allegedly passing nuclear secrets to the USSR.

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Self-Determination Act

Increased tribal sovereignty in 1975.

Seneca Falls

Early women's suffrage movement in 1848.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill, 1944)

Provided benefits to returning WWII veterans.

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Iran)

U.S. supported his authoritarian rule to counter communism.

Sit-In Movement

Nonviolent protests at segregated lunch counters; resulted in mass arrests but forced policy changes.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Founded by MLK to coordinate civil rights activism.

Southern Manifesto (1956)

Southern politicians opposed desegregation.

Space Race

U.S. vs. USSR competition in space exploration.

Stagflation

High inflation combined with stagnant growth.

Step-by-step tactics

Gradual escalation of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

Stonewall Riots

Sparked LGBTQ+ activism in 1969.

Strategic Defense Initiative

Reagan's missile defense system.

Taft-Hartley Act

Restricted labor unions suspected of communist ties, enacted in 1947.

Tet Offensive (1968)

Major attack by Vietcong; weakened U.S. public support.

The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan's book critiquing gender roles, published in 1963.

The Red Scare

Fear of Communism in the U.S. during the 1940s-1950s.

The Vietnam War (1963-1973)

A conflict involving U.S. military engagement in Vietnam.

The Warren Court (1953-1969)

A period marked by significant judicial rulings impacting civil rights.

Three Mile Island

Partial meltdown at a nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania in 1979.

Title IX

Prohibited gender discrimination in education, enacted in 1972.