Personality Psychology 305: Midterm Review

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A series of 70 vocabulary flashcards created for students to study key concepts in personality psychology as presented in the lecture notes.

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51 Terms

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Personality

An individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior, along with the psychological mechanisms behind those patterns.

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Triad

Thought, feeling and behaviour

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Etymology

The study of the origin of words and how their meanings have changed.

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Humorism

An ancient theory that bodily fluids affect personality and behavior.

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Psychoanalysis

A method of psychological therapy focusing on unconscious mental processes and conflicts.

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Self-actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential.

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Big Five Traits

A model depicting five broad dimensions of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

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Biological approach

Understanding mental processes in terms of biological factors.

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Trait approach

The study of how individual differences in personality traits influence behavior.

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Phenomenological approach

Focus on individuals' conscious experiences and perception of the world.

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One Big Theory

The idea that one singular theory can explain all aspects of personality.

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S Data

Self-report data collected through questionnaires or surveys.

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I Data

Informant data gathered from acquaintances or observers.

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L Data

Life data obtained from archival records or public records.

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B Data

Behavioral data collected through direct observation.

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Reliability

The consistency of a measure, indicating that it produces stable and consistent results.

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Validity

The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

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Generalizability

The extent to which findings apply to other populations, situations, or contexts.

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Barnum Effect

The tendency for people to believe vague or general personality descriptions apply specifically to them.

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Projective tests

Psychological assessments where ambiguous stimuli require interpretation to reveal inner thoughts.

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Rorschach test

A projective test using inkblots to evaluate an individual’s personality.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test that asks individuals to create stories from ambiguous images.

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Objective tests

Personality assessments consisting of a standard set of items with predetermined scoring.

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Constructive Objective Personality Tests

Tests that rely on rational, factor analytic, or empirical construction methods.

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Rational method

A test item generation method based on theories or expert knowledge about the construct being measured.

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Factor analytic method

Using statistical techniques to group items that correlate into factors.

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Empirical method

Identifying items that distinguish between pre-determined groups based on their responses.

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Lexical hypothesis

The idea that important individual differences will be represented by language.

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Single-trait approach

A method that focuses on the effects of one particular trait.

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Many-trait approach

An approach that examines the relationship between many traits and one behavior outcome.

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Essential-trait approach

A search for the most important traits that can define personality.

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Typological approach

Categorizing individuals into distinct personality types based on trait patterns.

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Extraversion

A personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness, and a high energy level.

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Agreeableness

A personality trait reflecting compassion and cooperativeness.

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Neuroticism

A trait associated with emotional instability and negative emotionality.

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Honest-Humility

A personality trait indicating a lack of selfishness and sincerity.

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Dark Tetrad

A group of socially aversive traits including narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism.

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First Impressions

Initial judgments made about individuals based on limited information.

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Good Judge

A person who accurately perceives others, often characterized by high agreeableness and social skills.

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Realistic Accuracy Model

A framework explaining the process through which accurate personality judgments occur.

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Pygmalion Effect

The phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.

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Expectancy Effects

The influence of a person's expectations on another's behavior.

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Social psychology

The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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Situationism

The theory that behavior is largely driven by situational factors rather than personality traits.

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Lewinian Interactionism

The concept that personality traits and situational variables interact to influence behavior.

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Strong situations

Contexts in which the social environment significantly constrains individual behavior.

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Acquaintanceship effect

The accuracy of personality judgments improves with length of acquaintance.

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Emotional arousal

A heightened emotional state that can reveal more about a person's personality.

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Social intelligence

The ability to effectively navigate and negotiate complex social relationships.

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Compassion

A trait characterized by understanding and empathy towards others.

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Psychological traits

Enduring characteristics that influence an individual's behavior across various situations.