A Level History - Russia chapter 13

When was the Great Turn?

1928

What was the Great Turn?

change in economic policy from the NEP to rapid industrialisation

How many farms were collectivised by 1929?

less than 5%

Why were so few farms collectivised in 1929? (2)

collectivisation was voluntary and there was unrest in the rural areas due to the harsh Urals-Siberia method of grain requisitioning

What did Stalin announce about the kulaks in December 1929?

the liquidation of the kulaks as a class

When was the first stage of collectivisation?

1929-1930

Why was a propaganda campaign launched in 1929?

to create a divide between the upper and lower peasant classes

When did the programme of all-out forced collectivisation start?

end of 1929

How were peasants forced to collectivise in the first stage?

driven into collectives by party members (sometimes OGPU and Red Army helped)

What happened to kulaks? (3)

Red Army and OGPU identified, executed and deported them

What percentage of peasant households were represented by kulaks?

4%

How many peasant households were destroyed 1929-1930?

15%

How many peasants were forced to migrate to poorer land 1929-1930?

around 150,000

Where did peasants who were forced to migrate 1929-1930 migrate to? (2)

north and east to poorer land

How did some peasants try to avoid being labelled as kulaks? (2)

killed their livestock and destroyed their crops

What percentage of grain farming areas did Stalin announce he wanted collectivised in 1930?

25%

When did Stalin announce that he wanted 25% of grain farming areas collectivised that year?

January 1930

In March 1930 what percentage of peasant households had been collectivised?

58%

Why did Stalin temporarily return to voluntary collectivisation?

because he felt party officials were becoming 'dizzy with success'

When was a brief return to voluntary collectivisation allowed?

after the harvest was taken in in 1930

What percentage of households were still collectivised in October 1930?

20%

When was stage 2 of collectivisation?

1930-1941

When did Stalin return to forced collectivisation after briefly stopping it?

spring 1931

What percentage of households were collectivised in 1931?

50%

What percentage of households were collectivised in 1934?

70%

What percentage of households were collectivised in 1935?

75%

What percentage of households were collectivised in 1937?

90%

What percentage of households were collectivised in 1941?

100%

What was a collective farm called?

kolkhoz

How was a kolkhoz created?

several small farms were put together (many were made up of one village)

How many families were in a kolkhoz roughly?

75

How was a kolkhoz run? (4)

had to deliver a set quota to the sate, shared any profits or goods after the quota was met, each one was controlled by a member of the communist party, there was an internal passports system so peasants couldn't leave

What were the quotas for kolkhozes?

up to 40% of crops

How were peasants in the kolkhozes paid?

government set a low purchase price but didn't pay the farm if they didn't meet the quota

When were kolkhozes allowed to sell leftover produce in a collective farm market?

1932

When was the internal passports system for kolkhozes set up?

1932

What were state farms called?

sovkhozes

Which type of farm was seen as the communist ideal?

sovkhoz

How were workers in the sovkhozes paid?

paid a wage directly from the state

What is the main similarity between the running of kolkhozes and sovkhozes?

very restricted movement

How were the sovkhozes created?

created on land confiscated from former large estates

Who were the sovkhoz workers recruited from?

landless rural peasants

How were the sovkhozes organised?

according to industrial principles for specialised large-scale production

Which type of farm was more common?

kolkhoz

What was the benefit of greater drive towards mechanisation and efficient farming?

fewer peasants were needed to work on the farms and they could go to work in towns as urban workers (Stalin favoured the urban workers as he wanted to create a 'worker's utopia'

When were the MTSs set up?

1931

What was the purpose of the MTSs? (2)

provide seed and hire out machinery for kolkhozes and sovkhozes

How many MTSs were established?

2500

In 1940, what was the proportion of MTSs to collective farms?

1 MTS for every 40 farms

Which types of people were sent to advise on how to use machinery and farm efficiently? (4)

agronomists, vets, surveyors, technicians

By 1938, what percentage of threshing was done mechanically?

95%

By 1938, what percentage of ploughing was done mechanically?

72%

By 1938, what percentage of spring sowing was mechanically?

57%

By 1938, what percentage of harvesting was done mechanically?

48%

By the end of 1938, how many lorries were used in agriculture in the USSR and how many were used in the USA?

196,000 in USSR and over 1 million in the USA

How were MTSs used as a tool for the party in rural areas? (3)

officials ensured quotas were collected, propaganda was conveyed, and acted as spies

How did peasants react to collectivisation? (stage 2)

with great opposition and violence

What happened to kulaks during collectivisation? (stage 2) (3)

declared as class enemies, deported, sent to labour camps

How many peasants died due to resistance and deportation?

over 10 million

By 1939, how many peasants had moved to towns?

19 million

Why did peasants see collectivisation as a betrayal?

they saw it as a return to serfdom

In August 1932, what was the law about someone who stole from a collective farm?

could be gaoled for 10 years

Why were internal passports introduced?

to stop peasants fleeing famine-stricken areas

What was the effect of high quotas? (2)

there was barely ever any profit and they had no incentive to work hard

What percentage of vegetables, meat and milk in the USSR was produced from private plots on collective farms by the late 1930s?

52% of vegetables, 70% of meat, 71% of milk

When did drought hit many rural areas?

October 1931

Why was there a great drop in food production in 1931-1932? (2)

effects of the drought and deportations

When did famine appear in Ukraine?

spring 1932

In what ways was collectivisation a success for Stalin? (6)

industrial workers were fed, exports of grain increased, many peasants left the countryside and became urban workers, the regime had control over the countryside for the first time, capitalism in the countryside had been destroyed, Stalin's control in the USSR was reinforced as members on the right lost influence

In what ways was collectivisation not a success? (4)

peasants' way of life was destroyed, many starved and died, agricultural production fell drastically when peasants were opposing, collectives were often poorly organised at first

What percentage of cattle, pigs and sheep did peasants slaughter in opposition between 1929 and 1933?

25 - 30%

In what year did grain exceed pre-collectivisation levels?

1935

In what year did livestock increase back to pre-collectivisation levels?

1953