Biology- 1407 Unit One and Two Review

Antipodals and synergids are

a) produced in the female gametophyte.

b) the result of double fertilization.

c) what will fuse to form the endosperm.

d) responsible for pollen tube formation.

e) nonfunctional vestigal structures.

a) produced in the female gametophyte.

What geological epoch are we in time?

Anthropocene = mark by significant impact on Earth: Climate, ecosystem

Many protists use different structures for movement. Compare and contrast the movement mechanisms of Amoeba, Paramecium, and Euglena. How do their unique structures help them survive in their environments?

Amoeba use pseudopods or false feet. Paramecium use cilia and Euglena use flagella

Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms above the branch point and are not present in any below it is called:

a) derived characters.

b) homoplastic characters.

c) ancestral characters.

d) homologous characters.

a) derived characters

Why are children often told that if they eat too much candy their teeth will fall out?

a) Sugar attacks tooth enamel.

b) Sugars gradually replace the tooth enamel.

c) Bacteria use the sugar to make ATP. This fermentation process produces acids as a by-product.

d) Bacteria secrete acids in order to digest the sugar molecules.

c) Bacteria use the sugar to make ATP. This fermentation process produces acids as a by-product.

Phil has chronic ulcers, he has been taking acid blockers and drinking vast amounts of liquid antacids. These help relieve the symptoms but he still suffers from ulcers. What would be the best course of action to treat the source of his ulcers?

a) Taking a course of antibiotics

b) Increasing the dosage of acid blockers

c) Taking several different antacids

d) Reducing the stress in his daily life

a) Taking a course of antibiotics

Nearly all viruses are constructed of

a) DNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.

b) either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.

c) RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.

d) either DNA or RNA, however many do not have the capsid.

b) either DNA or RNA with a protein wrapping, called a capsid.

The Irish potato famine in the 1840's was caused in large part by a proliferation of a(n)

a) Dinoflagellate.

b) Paramecia.

c) Oomycete.

d) Chlorophyte.

c) Oomycete.

Analyze the role of ozone in evolution. How did it facilitate land colonization?

a) Accelerating mutation rates

b) Protecting from ultraviolet radiation

c) Increasing global temperatures

d) Producing more atmospheric oxygen

b) Protecting from ultraviolet radiation

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by

a) exocytosis

b) mutation

c) pinocytosis

d) endosymbiosis

d) endosymbiosis

During the Snowball Earth events temperatures at the equator rarely exceeded -20 degrees Celsius. Why didn't heat from the sun melt the ice?

a) The earth's core was cooled and kept the ice frozen.

b) Ice reflected most of radiant energy.

c) The ozone layer absorbed all the heat.

d) The high levels of atmospheric moisture created extensive cloud cover.

b) Ice reflected most of radiant energy.

The common ancestor shared by the mouse and gorillas is at point ___ on the phylogeny shown.

a) point E

b) point D

c) point C

d) point A

a) point E

The early Earth's reducing atmosphere probably contained all of the following except

a) hydrogen sulfide

b) oxygen

c) carbon dioxide

d) water

b) oxygen

One day after a biology class four of your friends argue about the difference between phylogeny and systematics. Which friend is right?

a) Friend C argues that systematics is the actual collecting and cataloguing of specimens into museums that can be used later by scientists to construct clades and phylogenies.

b) Friend A states that systematics and phylogenies are really the same, one is more recent than the other, but basically, they are the same.

c) Friend B says that systematics is the same as cladistics and cladistics is reconstructing clades, which ultimately lead to the development of phylogenies.

d) Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and study of phylogenies.

d) Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and study of phylogenies.

The age of the Earth according to modern estimates is about

a) 1.5 billion yrs

b) 3.5 billion yrs

c) 4.6 billion yrs

d) 8 billion yrs

a) 1.5 billion yrs

Life apparently originated on Earth about

a) 1 million years ago

b) 3.5 billion years ago

c) 4.5 billion years ago

d) 8 billion years ago

b) 3.5 billion years ago

Derived character states shared by clade members are called

a) ancestral traits.

b) Synapomorphies.

c) Plesiomorphies.

d) Homoplasy.

b) Synapomorphies.

A doctor's office has run out of the latest flu vaccine, but many patients are asking for it. One of the nurses finds some vials from last year's batch in a refrigerator. Should they be used?

a) Yes, because the preservatives and refrigeration ensure that the vaccine is still fresh.

b) Maybe - the vaccine should be mixed in a test tube with the virus to see if it still inactivates it.

c) No, because each year the vaccine is made against different subtypes of the flu virus.

d) No, because each year the technology to make a good vaccine improves.

c) No, because each year the vaccine is made against different subtypes of the flu virus.

An oil spill occurs, and a member of the clean up team suggests adding fertilizer. What might this accomplish?

a) The fertilizer interacts with the oil droplets and renders them harmless.

b) The fertilizer encourages the growth of bacteria that can break down the oil.

c) The fertilizer volatilizes the oil.

d) The chemicals in the fertilizer digest the oil residues.

b) The fertilizer encourages the growth of bacteria that can break down the oil.

Protists are classified into a single kingdom because of which of the following features?

a) They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals.

b) They are unicellular.

c) They are monophyletic.

d) They are microscopic.

a) They are eukaryotes, but not fungi, plants, or animals.

Prokaryotes undergo a process that produces cells that are identical. This process is called

a) syngamy.

b) binary fission.

c) mitosis.

d) meiosis.

b) binary fission.

All of the following are diseases caused by viruses EXCEPT

a) smallpox

b) polio

c) AIDS

d) strep throat

d) strep throat

Which metabolic process likely evolved first?

a) nitrogen fixation

b) hydrogen fixation

c) sulfur fixation

d) carbon fixation

a) nitrogen fixation

What would be strong evidence to suggest a protist is phagotrophic?

a) Locomotion using flagella

b) Silica plates or cell walls

c) an abundance of lysosomes

d) benthic lifestyle

c) an abundance of lysosomes

Why is chlamydia much more common than syphilis?

a) Chlamydia is spread via droplet inhalation.

b) Chlamydia is viral, and viral diseases spread much quicker.

c) Chlamydia is resistant to most antibiotics.

d) Many chlamydia infections are asymptomatic.

d) Many chlamydia infections are asymptomatic.

Amoebas move from place to place by means of their

a) cysts.

b) pseudopods.

c) pseudomonads.

d) plasmodia.

b) pseudopods.

All_________ have two very different types of nuclei within their cells, small micronuclei and larger macronuclei.

a) ciliates

b) protists

c) dinoflagellates

d) sporozoans

a) ciliates

Which of the following was produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others?

a) methane and oxygen

b) CO2 and H2O

c) ammonia and water

d) amino acids

d) amino acids

A patient presents in an ER with severe stomach cramps and diarrhea. She was recently swimming in unclean water. Which protist would be the most likely cause of her symptoms?

a) Giardia

b) Plasmodium

c) Toxoplasma gondii

d) Leishmania

a) Giardia

A biologist uses a time machine to collect living material from two different time periods. Sample A is 3 billion years old, and sample B is 1.5 billion years old. How would these samples differ?

a) Eukaryotic organisms would be present in both samples but much more common in sample B.

b) Prokaryotic organisms would only occur in sample B.

c) Eukaryotic organisms would be absent from sample A.

d) Prokaryotic organisms would be abundant in sample A but absent from sample B.

c) Eukaryotic organisms would be absent from sample A.

The tropical diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are caused by

a) oomycete

b) foraminifera.

c) sporozoans.

d) trypanosomes.

d) trypanosomes.

Prokaryotes are very important ecologically because of their involvement in all of the following, EXCEPT

a) bioremediation to clean up the environment.

b) photosynthesis by autotrophs.

c) denitrification of nitrate.

d) diseases like smallpox, measles, or rabies.

d) diseases like smallpox, measles, or rabies.

The specific white blood cells that HIV attaches to are the_________ cells.

a) CD4+

b) CD8-T

c) gp120-T

d) CCR5-T

a) CD4+

The prokaryotic DNA is located in the

a) peptidoglycan region.

b) pili region.

c) endospore region.

d) nucleoid region.

d) nucleoid region.

The White Cliffs of Dover, a famous landmark in England, is made of limestone, which is really a collection of the pore-studded shells (tests) of

a) diatoms.

b) spirochetes.

c) foraminifera.

d) brown algae.

c) foraminifera.

The oldest fossils of eukaryotes have been estimated to be

a) 1995 years old.

b) 4.5 billion years old.

c) 8 billion years old.

d) 1.5 billion years old.

d) 1.5 billion years old.

A common characteristic of choanoflagellates is

a) presence of a plasmodium.

b) silica covering.

c) a single, unique mitochondria.

d) funnel-shaped, contractile collar.

d) funnel-shaped, contractile collar.

The switch from a lysogenic prophage to a lytic cycle is called

a) induction

b) transformation

c) phage conversion

d) latency

a) induction

If the label on a slide reads Gram-positive bacillus (rod), what would a students expect to see?

a) Blue coiled cells

b) Purple rod shaped cells

c) Red spherical cells

d) Pink helical cells

b) Purple rod shaped cells

Most viruses form a capsid around their nucleic acid core. This capsid is composed of

a) monosaccharides

b) glycoproteins

c) lipoproteins

d) proteins

d) proteins

The oldest microfossils are of

a) prokaryotes

b) insects

c) pollen grains

d) eukaryotes

a) prokaryotes

Can a virus be killed?

a) Yes, separating the genes from the capsid kills it.

b) Yes, destroying its genome kills it.

c) No, viruses are nonliving and cannot die.

d) No, viruses are capable of self-assembly and cannot be permanently killed.

c) No, viruses are nonliving and cannot die.

How can zoonotic diseases be transmitted?

a) Through exposure to a bacteria infection via direct contact to the skin

b) Through exposure to a protist via contaminated water to the brain

c) Through exposure to a virus via air borne to the lungs

d) Through exposure to infected animal via bite, scratch, or consumption

d) Through exposure to infected animal via bite, scratch, or consumption

When some bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm. These structures are called

a) plasmids

b) exospores

c) endospores

d) nucleoids

c) endospores

Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases include all of the following except

a) chlamydia.

b) herpes

c) syphilis.

d) gonorrhea.

b) herpes

Current classification of prokaryotes is based on

a) morphology of flagella.

b) type of colony formation.

c) occurrence of transverse binary fission.

d) sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA.

d) sequencing of proteins, DNA, and RNA.

In the late 20th century, a class of infectious proteins with no associated nucleic acids were identified. They are referred to as

a) viroids

b) latent viruses

c) prions

d) virions

c) prions

Phages are viruses that can infect

a) plants

b) humans

c) insects

d) bacteria

d) bacteria

Characteristics that are present in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said to be_________ characteristics.

a) homologous

b) Adaptive

c) Ancestral

d) Derived

c) ancestral

What kind of pathogen would retain its ability to cause infections after being treated with powerful proteolytic chemicals that would destroy all proteinaceous material found in plants?

a) A viroid

b) A virus

c) A prion

d) A bacterium

a) A viroid

Which of the following is true regarding the future of viruses?

a) Viruses will continue to evolve and pose new challenges for human health

b) Viruses will disappear entirely in the future

c) Viruses will only affect animals and not humans

d) Viruses will become less harmful over time

a) Viruses will continue to evolve and pose new challenges for human health

All of the following were produced in experiments on primitive Earth conditions conducted by Miller-Urey and others, except for

a) organic molecules

b) urea

c) prokaryotes

d) amino acids

c) prokaryotes

Which eon would contain rocks with no fossils?

a) phanerozoic

b) archean

c) proterozoic

d) hadean

d) hadean

What are the 3 evidences that support the theory of endosymbiosis?

1. They have their own DNA

2. They have ribosomes

3. They reproduce through binary fission

What are the 6 kingdoms that will be surveyed in BIOL 1407?

1. Archae

2. Bacteria

3. Plantea

4. Protista

5. Animalia

What is the name of the former kingdom that classified all bacteria?

Morena

Cuticle

Waxy covering that prevents water loss

Stomata

Openings on the underside of leaves that allow for the exchange of gasses

Xylem

Water conducting tube

Phloem

Sugar conducting tube

Sporophyte

Muticellular diploid stage of a plant

Gametophyte

Mutlicellular haploid stage of a plant

Archegonia

Female gametangia

Antheridia

Male gametangia

Which plants are characterized by a conducting system, the possession of cuticles, specialized stems, and roots, stomata, and, in many species, seeds?

a) liverworts

b) mosses

c) tracheophyte

d) horsetails

e) club mosses

c) tracheophyte

Which of the following groups is most closely related to the tracheophytes?

a) bryophytes

b) charophytes

c) rhodophytes

d) chlorophytes

a) bryophytes

In which of these groups does it appear that the cuticle evolved?

a) streptophytes

b) bryophytes

c) algae

d) land plants

e) pterophytes

d) land plants

The gametophyte is green and nutritionally independent in

a) mosses, liverworts, and ferns

b) angiosperms

c) gymnosperms

d) tracheophytes

e) seed plants

a) mosses, liverworts, and ferns

Plants lacking well-developed conducting systems such as mosses, liverworts, and hornworts have been called

a) gametophytes

b) sporophytes

c) angiosperms

d) gymnosperms

e) bryophytes

e) bryophytes

Plants as well as brown, green, and red algae show a basic life cycle which involves the alternation of generations between a(n)

a) spore and pollen

b) megaspores and microspore

c) seed and cones

d) sporophytes and gametophytes

e) egg and a sperm

d) sporophytes and gametophytes

The most abundant group of seedless tracheophyte plants are the

a) club mosses

b) horse tails

c) angiosperms

d) ferns

e) gymnosperms

d) ferns

In tracheophyte plants, water and dissolved minerals are conducted away from roots by

a) water vessels

b) stomata

c) phloem tubes

d) xylem tubes

e) chloroplasts

d) xylem tubes

Bryophytes, like ferns and certain other tracheophyte plants, require

a) air to reproduce sexually

b) water to reproduce sexually

c) soil to reproduce sexually

d) shade to reproduce sexually

e) sunlight to reproduce sexually

b) water to reproduce sexually

The colorless rootlike projections of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which anchor them to the substrate are called

a) rhizoids

b) tap roots

c) fibrous roots

d) specialized roots

e) storage roots

a) rhizoids

The development of tracheids helped land plants to

a) resist desiccation.

b) protect the genome from UV exposure.

c) grow to very large sizes.

d) absorb H2O from stems and leaves.

e) take in more CO2.

c) grow to very large sizes

Survival on land for organisms is difficult because of the problem of

a) desiccation

b) pollination

c) syngamy

d) spore germination

e) coevolution

a) desiccation

Pollen tubes

a) transport pollen to the stigma.

b) facilitate the growth of pollen.

c) package sperm into pollen granules.

d) allow sperm to fertilize the egg.

e) are present during spermatogenesis.

d) allow sperm to fertilize the egg.

The breakdown of antipodals

a) is a normal part of development in the ovule.

b) would result in a seed without a seed coat.

c) would produce an ovule with no egg cell.

d) would cause a failure in endosperm development.

a) is a normal part of development in the ovule.

Double fertilization produces a ___________ embryo and a _________ endosperm.

a) haploid; diploid

b) diploid; haploid

c) diploid; triploid

d) triploid; diploid

e) haploid; triploid

c) diploid; triploid

Double fertilization occurs when

a0 the sperm and tube nuclei fertilize the egg.

b) two sperm cells fertilize the two polar nuclei.

c) one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with both polar nuclei.

d) the polar nuclei fuse with the egg after it has fused with the sperm.

c) one sperm fuses with the egg and the other sperm fuses with both polar nuclei.

Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seed plants?

a) The sperm cells in seed plants are capable of resisting desiccation.

b) Seed plants use pollen instead of sperm for fertilization.

c) Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal.

d) Sperm cells are used to transport pollen to the archegonia.

e) Ovules are contained within the pollen.

c) Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal.

What happens to the ovary after fertilization in angiosperms?

a) It dies.

b) It forms the seed coat.

c) It becomes food for the

d) embryo inside the seed.

e) It becomes the fruit.

e) it becomes the fruit

Which part of the seed is responsible for providing nutrition to the embryo?

a) integument

b) endosperm

c) cotelydons

d) seed coat

e) procambium

b) endosperm

The mature male gametophyte is produced

a) in the anther.

b) within the pollen granule during transfer.

c) when the pollen makes contact with the stigma.

d) in the pollen tube when the generative cell divides

e) within the ovule just prior to fertilization.

d) in the pollen tube when the generative cell divides

Cell division in the apical meristems at the tips of a plant that results in increases in height or length is called

a) primary growth

b) secondary growth

c) vascular cambium growth

d) mitotic growth

e) herbaceous growth

a) primary growth

Root hairs grow actively in which area of the developing roots?

a) root cap

b) zone of maturation

c) zone of elongation

d) zone of cell division

e) endodermis

b) zone of maturation

Which of these is not a function of the root cap?

a) gravity perception

b) rapid cell division

c) protection of the root tip

d) pushing away soil particles as the root grows

e) releasing a slimy lubricant fluid

b) rapid cell division

A major distinguishing feature between monocot and eudicot stems is the organization of the

a) epidermis

b) conducting system

c) vascular tissue

d) secondary tissues

e) ground tissues

c) vascular tissue

Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are all types of cells derived from

a) procambium tissue.

b) ground tissue.

c) vascular cambium tissue.

d) cork cambium tissue.

e) epidermal tissue.

b) ground tissue

The most distinctive characteristic of leaf mesophyll cells is that they are filled with

a) central vacuoles

b) many chloroplasts

c) oxygen bubbles

d) veins

e) stomata

b) many chloroplasts

Petals enclose and protect the ovule (T or F)

False

Fertilization in flowers is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. (T or F)

False

A seed that has absorbed sufficient water and is metabolically active will always germinate. (T or F)

False

In leaves, most photosynthesis occurs in:

a) the guard cells.

b) the palisade mesophyll.

c) the xylem

d) the spongy mesophyll

b) the palisade mesophyll.

Which of the following genera most likely directly gave rise to the land plants?

a) volvox

b) Chara

c) Ulva

d) Chlamydomonas

b) Chara

How could a plant without roots obtain sufficient nutrients from the soil?

a) modified leaves

b) gas composition in the atmosphere

c) water vapor from atmosphere

d) Mychorrizal fungi associate with the plant and assist with the transfer of nutrients

d) Mychorrizal fungi associate with the plant and assist with the transfer of nutrients

Which type of angiosperms typically has broad leaves and net-like venation?

a) gymnosperms

b) ferns

c) dicots

d) monocots

c) dicots

What is the function of the seed coat in angiosperms?

a) To attract pollinators

b) To facilitate germination

c) To provide nutrients to the embryo

d) To protect the seed from desiccation and damage

d) To protect the seed from desiccation and damage

In angiosperms, what is the primary function of the anther?

a) To protect the ovule

b) To attract pollinators

c) To produce pollen grains

d) To produce ovules

c) to produce pollen grains

Which of the following is a common characteristic of gymnosperms?

a) They have naked seeds

b) They produce flowers

c) They require water for fertilization

d) They are exclusively deciduous

a) they have naked seeds