Wayne State 2026 Anatomy & Physiology 2870 Quiz #1 Ex. 1-5

Gross (Macro) anatomy

Large structures, visually unaided

Micro anatomy

very small structures, can only be viewed with a microscope

Anatomy

Structure of the human body

Physiology

Function of the human body

Organization: Chemical

Atoms organized into molecules, organelles and structures within a cell

Organization: Cellular

Molecules organized into cells

Organization: Tissue

Cells organized into tissues to perform specific function

Organization: Organ

structures composed of 2 or more tissues that have specific functions

Organization: Organ System

Related organs with common function

Organization: Organism

All systems integrated and function cooperatively

Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Frontal (coronal) plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

(Cut tissue) cross (transverse) section

Cut that runs perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body

(Cut tissue) Oblique sections

Cuts that are slanted at an angle that is less than 90 degrees

(Cut tissue) longitudinal section

cut through the long axis of an organ

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

Toward the feet

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Medial

toward the middle/midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Intermediate

Between medial and lateral

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk

Distal

Further from the trunk

Superficial

Toward the body's surface

Deep

farther from the body surface

Parietal

Indicating the wall of a body cavity

Visceral

Indicating an organ

Ipsilateral

Occurring on the same side

Contralateral

Occurring on the opposite side

The ear is ___ to the eye

lateral

The esophagus is _____ to the trachea

posterior

The hand is ___ to the elbow

Distal

The nose is ___ to the mouth

Superior

Muscles are ___ to the skin

Deep

the appendix is _____ to the spleen

Contralateral

Open cavities

Open to external environment

Can be entered without cutting

Lined by Epithelium

Closed cavities

entered only by cutting through a membrane

What are the two dorsal cavities?

cranial and spinal

What are the two ventral cavities?

thoracic and abdominopelvic

Ventral body cavities are lined by

serous membranes

Encases lungs

pleura

Encases heart

pericardium

Encases abdominal and pelvic organs

peritoneum

How many sections do the anatomical divisions have?

6

How many sections do the clinical divisions have?

4

What are the two divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Anatomical and Clinical

Organ system: Integumentary

Hair, skin, nails and sweat glands

Organ system: Skeletal

Bones and joints

Organ system: Muscular

Skeletal muscle

Organ system: Nervous

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Organ system: Endocrine

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, parathyroid gland, suprarenal glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, and gonads

Organ System: Cardiovascular

heart and blood vessels

Organ system: Lymphatic

Tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymph vessel

Organ System: Respiratory

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung

Organ system: Urinary

kidney, ureter and bladder

Organ system: Reproductive

Major component organs:

Male- testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, and duct system (carries sperm to body exterior)

Female- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina

Single lens microscope

Microscope that uses one lens

Compound microscope

A light microscope that has more than one lens

Resolving power

a microscope's ability to show detail

total magnification

Calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens and the objective lens

Depth of field

In microscopes: The thickness of the tissue layer in focus

Field of View

The area visible through the microscope eyepiece

Parfocal

Ability of the microscope to remain in focus no matter what objective lens is being used

What is the basic unit of life

Cells

What are the two main types of cells

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic

What cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic Cells

What are the 3 major parts of a cell?

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

What are the parts of a nucleus

nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin

What are the parts of the cytoplasm

cytosol and organelles

Is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

RER: Membranous

Is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

SER: Membranous

Is the Golgi Apparatus part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

GA: Membranous

Is the Mitochondria part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

Mitochondria: Membranous

Is the Lysosome part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

Lysosome: Membranous

Is the Transport vesicles part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

TV: Membranous

Is the Fixed Ribosomes part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

FR: Membranous

Is the Centrioles part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

Centrioles: Non-membranous

Is the Cilia part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

Cilia: Non-membranous

Is the Microvilli part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

Microvilli: Non-membranous

Is the Free Ribosomes part of membranous or non-membranous organelle?

Free Ribosomes: Non-membranous

What tissue covers all body surfaces and forms glands?

Epithelial Tissue

What tissue functions in absorption, filtration, protection, secretion and sensory reception?

Epithelial Tissue

What is the free or exposed surface of epithelial tissue?

Apical Surface

What is opposite of the apical surface, sits on basement membrane?

Basal

What epithelial tissue lacks direct blood supply?

Avascular

What do we call a tissue that has one layer?

Simple

What do we call a tissue that has more than one layer?

Stratified

What do we call a tissue with false stratification?

Pseudostratified

What do we call flat, thin, scale-like cells?

Squamous

What do we call cells that are similar in height and width and cube-like?

Cuboidal

What do we call cells that are more height than width and column-like?

Columnal

What epithelium tissue has a flattened central nucleus?

Squamous

What epithelium tissue has a round central nucleus?

Cuboidal

What epithelium tissue has an elongates nucleus towards the cell's base?

Columnar

How many layers of flat cells does Simple Squamous have?

Simple Squamous: One

Where are single squamous cells located?

Kidney glomeruli, alveoli of lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serous membranes

How many layers of cube-shaped cells does Simple Cuboidal have?

Simple Cuboidal: One