apush unit 4

Quasi-War with France

• xyz affair - almost led to war

• fear of french invasion and spies led to alien and sedition acts

Expanding Democracy

• conflict over the size and power of the federal government 

• expansion with universal white male suffrage 

Industrial Revolution

• cotton gin

  • increased slavery

• creation of cotton

  • economy shifted through this

• slaters mill

Technological Innovations

• new technology leads to increased manufacturing and agricultural production 

• new transportation connects country 

Debates over the Constitution

• conflict over size and power of federal government

• expansion of democracy

• growth of poltiical parties

American Identity

• continuing to embrace american identity

• increasing regional differences

• second great awakening

• reform movements for urban areas, temperance (anti-alcohol), womens rights, abolitition

Slavery

• expansion of slavery in the south

• increasing opposition to slavery in the north 

• compromises over slavery continue 

Federalists

• loose construction + federal power, strong central government

• britain alliance

• merchants and urban cities in new england supported

Democratic-Republicans

• Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)

• james madison (1809-1817)

• james monroe (1817-1825)

John Adams

federalist (1797-1801)

Alien and Sedition Acts

• naturalization act: extend residency requirement for citizenship from 5-14 years

• alien act: authorized deportation of foreigners based on suspicion only

• sedition act:

  • prohibited the publication of insults against the government 

  • prohibited challenges and protests against the government

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

• Virgina resolution:

  • state law challenging A+S acts

    • says that Virginia does not recognize those laws 

    • says defending the Constitution and that A+S acts are unconstitutional 

    • establishes idea of states overruling federal laws 

• led to a further division between parties and election issue 

Midnight Appointments

last minute appointemment of federalist judges by outgoing john adams, final day in office

Marshall Court

supreme court under john marshall (Federalist appointed by adams)

• agreed with marbury and create precedent of judicial review

Marbury v Madison

• adams appoints judges to DC district court 

  • paperwork issue prevents judges from starting work 

• jefferson uses that paperwork to block judges when president 

• issue goes to supreme Court 

• chief justice john marshall (federalist appointed by adams) agreed with marbury and created precedent of judicial review 

Marbury v Madison effects

• effects:

  • gives scouts authority to strike down laws 

  • strengthens federal gov vs states 

    • state resolutions no longer needed (A+s)

  • further divides political parties over interpretation of consititution 

McCulloch v Maryland

supreme court case that established implied powers of congress and supremacy of federal law over state law

Judicial Review

• gives scouts authority to strike down laws 

• strengthens federal gov vs states 

  • state resolutions no longer needed (A+s)

Gibbons v Ogden

supreme court ruled that congress has power to regulate interstate commerce, establishing supremacy of federal law over state law in this area

Elastic Clause

gives congress power to pass laws “necessary and proper”

Loose vs Strict Interpretation

loose: not mentioned but also not not mentioned
strict: not mentioned

Worcester v. Georgia

• supreme court ruled that cherokee nation was sovereign entity with its own territory making georgia’s laws unconsitutional (georgia wanted to remove cherokee)

Election of 1800

caused from conflict of A+S acts and contributed to division between federalists and democratic-republicans

• leads to never having a federalist president again

Thomas Jefferson

democratic republican (1801-1809)elec

Louisiana Purchase

• purchased Louisiana territory from napolean

  • intended to just purchase new orleans but got all of it

• jefferson goes with it even though it shouldn’t be allowed (loose construction, no law saying he can’t)

  • federalists didn’t like it because of this

    • thought would impact balance of power between slave and free states

    • thought US should focus on industry

• doubles size of country 

Lewis and Clark

• meriwether lewis and william clark 

• septermber 1 1803-september 23 1806

• 8,000 miles to pacific coast and back 

• documented people, land, vegetation 

• potential benefits to US

• tracked louisiana purchase area

Sacagawea

• helped lewis and clark find the louisiana purchase area

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

spain ceded florida to US and defined western boundary of louisiana purchase

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• US military vs the shawnee tribe led by tecumseh

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

• happened in now indiana 

• continuation of conflict over northwest territory (battle of fallen timbers)

• mostly seen as US victory

• federalists didn’t want to support war (wanted to maintain trade with britain)

• democratic republicns did (wanted to expand farming and slavery so wanted land)

Impressment

kidnapping of american sailors

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

british warship (HMS Leopard) fired and boarded american frigate Chesapeake → killed 3 americans and wounded 18 before removing four sailors

Embargo Act (1807)

• law passed by US congress that prohibited all american ships from trading with foreign countries in effort to aboid entanglement in war and protect american trade (great britain and france)

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

replaced embargo act which allowed american trade with all nations except great britain and france

• ultimately contributed to the war of 1812

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

lifted trade restrictions with britain and france to encourage them to stop seizing american ships

War of 1812

• causes:

  • interference in us shipping

  • impressement of US sailors

  • british support of american indians

  • failed diplomatic negotiation and economic embargo

  • desire for canada

• effects: 

  • weakening of natiev americans

  • new nationalism 

  • rise of jackson

  • decline of federalists

  • international respect

  • increased manufacturing because of boycotts

War Hawks

democratic republicans who advocated for war with great britain in 1812

Burning of Washington, D.C (1814)

• british overran americans

• british burnt down capitol

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

• final battle of war of 1812

• led by answer jackson, ended with victory and showed jackson as a hero

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

• pre-war status quo for USA and british (not for native americans)

Hartford Convention

• federalists wanted to change constitution 

  • elimnate 3/5ths compromise

  • raise threshold to declare war

• made them look ridiculous and anti-american

  • party is less popular than it was before

“The Star Spangled Banner”

• origin during war of 1812

• ignited nationalism and helped show american identity

James Monroe

• democratic republican (1817-1825)

Monroe Doctrine

• US expects independent nations in western hemisphere to remain independent and not become tragets for european colonization

• US will not interfere in internal affairs of european countries 

• US can’t back this up because not a strong military

• further establishes US policy

Expansion of Slavery

• north doesnt support expansion of slavery into new territory 

  • problem of 3/5ths compromise

• south increasinly relies on slavery 

  • cotton gin

Gradual Emancipation

legal strategy enacted in north states to phase out slavery over time than abolish it immediately 

Missouri Compromise

temporary solution to issue of slavery and needs to be re-addressed

Gag Rule (1836-1844)

rule in h.o.r that postponed petitions, memorials, and papers related to slavery preventhing them from being discussed debated or printed

Jefferson’s “Firebell in the Night” warning (1820)

warning in a letter to john holmes that missouri crisis over slavery which led to missouri compromise

Henry Clay

speaker of h.o.r and has financial plan like hamiltons

• wanted bank of us

• strong tarriff

• and internal imrpovements

• all benefit north 

American System

• bank of us

• strong tarriff

• federal gov. funding of internal improvements 

protective tariff

• protection for new american factories

• importing goods more expensive which encourages people to buy american goods

“Era of Good Feelings”

followed war of 1812

• new nationalism

• new manufacturing efforts (north)

• downfall of federalists

• economic recession

virginia dynasty

virgina-born presidents: jefferson, madison, monroe, washington

Election of 1824

• john quincy adams, andrew jackson, henry clay, william crawford

• voting rights expanded, almost 1/3 americans can vote

• andrew jackson wins but isnt president

Electoral College

elects president

Andrew Jackson

“hero” of war of 1812, frontier man, for the “common man”

“The Corrupt Bargain”

accuses clay of bargaining with adams to improve his chances of becoming president one day

“Common Man”

white male voter

Universal White Male Suffrage

elimination of property ownership as requirement to vote, extends right to all white men

Election of 1828

jackson won

Whig

federalists back from the dead (clay)

Democrats

led by jackson

Nullification Crisis

south carolina wwanted to leave but jackson didnt let them

Tariff of 1828/Tariff of Abominations

protective tariff (tax on imports to protect industries → many hated it (calhoun)

John C. Calhoun

advocated states rights and made doctrine of nullification 

South Carolina Exposition and Protest,1828

argued tariff unconstitutional and made doctrine of nullification 

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

states rights vs federal authority (webster)

Force Act of 1833

allows him to use military force to execute the laws

Compromise Tariff of 1833

gradually reduced tariiffs, passed by clay

Bank War

• jackson thinks bank is unconstitutional (like jefferson)

• an act to renew charter of second US bank gets passed by congress

• andrew jackson vetoed it which ended US bank (only state banks)

“Pet Banks”

state banks

Specie Circular

all federal land sales had to be paid for in gold or silver coin instead of paper

Panic of 1837

economic depression after the eleimination of second bank

Martin Van Buren

founder of democratic party 

Spoils System

jackson gave civil sevice jobs to his supporters

• required no special intlligence or training 

• rewarded his supporters

Veto Power

power to override decisions

“King Andrew”

critics called him “king andrew” because he used presidential veto a lot

Peggy Eaton Affair

social scandal

Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet”

jacksons close friends

Indian Removal Act of 1830

act passed after worscester v georgia to let them leave

Worcester v. Georgia

groegia wanted to banish native americans but worcester disagreeed but jackson allowed removal 

Trail of Tears

deadly banishment of indians on a trail 

Cherokee

native american tribe affected

John Ross

chief for natiev americans during indian removal act

Indian Territory

kept on going further west

Seminole Wars (1816-1858)

3 conflicts where seminole people refused to move

“Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign (1840)

whigs party strategy to portray harrison as a common man compared to buren

Market Revolution

• early stages of industrial revolution before civil war

• new technology resulting in industrialization and improved movement

Slater’s Mill

water-powered textile mill

Lowell System

textile manufacturing model that had all steps of cloth production in a factory using single young woman

• considered cheap labor

• offered amount of freedom

• opportunity to get out of house and more educational opportunities 

Eli Whitney

invented cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney has invented a machine that quickly removes cotton plant seeds from the valuable cotton fiber

• helped south

● Much faster than removing the seeds by hand

● Allows more cotton to be produced faster

● Higher quality cotton than cotton picked by hand

● Produces 50lbs of cotton per day!

Interchangeable Parts

Also invented by Eli Whitney, Groundbreaking innovation for the future of

manufacturing

○ Will make factory, assembly line manufacturing possible and replaces the need for skilled workers

● Broken items can easily be repaired or replaced

● New inventions & technologies will use this technology in order to improve their own products, increasing profits

Helped industrialization in the north and helped if they made errors

Steel Plow

Made in 1837 by John Deere, this steel farming implement made it easier to cut through soil before planting

• helped west (lousiana territory)

• Work especially well with prairie soil in the Louisiana Territory

Mechanical Reaper

Invented in 1831 by Cyrus McCormick (no, not the same as the spice company), this machine mechanized the grain harvest

• helped west

• Before people had to cut wheat stalks by hand

• This horse-drawn machined replaced a lot of manpower

Steamboat

Invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton 

● Transport passengers AND goods up

and downstream, making water transportation even cheaper and faster!

Railroad

Perfected by Peter Cooper & John Stevenson

• Less costly, time consuming, and labor intensive to build than canals

● They can go where boats & carriages can’t!

● Reduce travel & shipping time & cost

Erie Canal

Completed in 1825, this man-made waterway connected the Hudson River to one of the Great Lakes

• Reduces the cost of transporting people and goods across the Appalachian mountains

Cumberland National Road

Built between 1811 and 1837, this 620-mile road connected the Potomac River in Maryland and the Ohio River

• This was the main route settlers took west