Global History 2 Honors- Unit 4: The Gunpowder Empires (Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals)

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What was an emir?

Chief commander

What was a ghazi?

A warrior for Islam

Where did ghazis come from?

Anatolia, Turkey

What did the ghazis do?

They followed a strict Islamic code of conduct and raided territories of people who lived on the frontiers of the Byzantine empire

Who was the most successful ghazi?

Osman

What were Osman's followers called?

Ottomans

Which modern day country are the Ottomans from?

Turkey

What was the Ottomman's success based off?

They used gunpowder weapons, such as muskets or cannons, which could bring heavily walled cities down

Who was the second Ottoman leader?

Orkhan I, Osman's son

Orkhan I declared himself what?

Sultan (Overlord, one with power)

What did the Ottomans do in in 1361?

Capture Andianople

Who was Timur the Lame?

A warrior from Samarkand who burned down the city of Baghdad and beat the Ottomans the battle of Ankara in 1402

What was Mehmed II known as?

Mehmed the Conqueror

Why did Mehmed II want Constantinople?

It dominated the Bosporus Strait, which meant it could choke off traffic between the Ottoman territories in Asia and the Balkans

What was the importance of Constantinople?

Constantinople was important because it had tremendous strategic and commercial/economic importance

How did Mehmed II take Constantinople?

He dragged 70 ships from the Bosporus Strait to the harbor so his army could attack Constantinople from two sides. Seven weeks later, they captured the city

What were the consequences of Mehmed capturing Constantinople?

-End of the Byzantine Empire

-Constantinople was now an Ottoman city

-Sparked the European Renaissance

How did Mehmed rebuild Constantinople?

He opened Constantinople to new citizens of all religions and backgrounds

What is another name for Constantinople?

Istanbul

What Islamic cities/groups did Selim the Grim defeat?

Safavids (Persia), Syria and Palestine, Mecca, Medina, Cairo

Who ruled the Ottomans during their golden age?

Suleyman I (Suleyman the Lawgiver, Suleyman the Magnificent)

Which part of the world did Suleyman conquer?

The eastern Mediterranean

What part of Africa did the Ottomans under Suleyman conquer?

East Africa

Which part of Europe did Suleyman advance into, worrying the Europeans?

Hungary and Austria

How did Suleyman get his nickname of "Suleyman the Lawgiver"?

He created a law code to handle both criminal

and civil actions. He also simplified and limited taxes, and systematized and reduced government bureaucracy

What was the devshirme system?

Christian boys from neighboring countries were recruited to serve the Ottoman government. The boys were converted to Islam, and then were trained as soldiers, and the smartest ones could rise to high places in the government

What were janissaries?

An elite force of 30,000 soldiers loyal only to the sultan

What was a harem?

Private domain of the Sultan, where the sultan resided in isolation with his wives and family

What was the purpose of sultans having many wives?

An heir was guaranteed

What were millets?

Religious communities of Jews and Christians within the Ottoman empire that were given religious freedom, in accordance with islamic law to follow their own religious laws and practices

What was the Hagia Sophia first created to be, and what did it turn into?

It was originally a Byzantine church, but was turned into a mosque when the city was taken

How was the Hagia Sophia changed when it was turned into a mosque?

4 minarets were added

Who was Sinan?

Ottoman royal architect, designed 100s of mosques and palaces

What was Sinan's masterpiece?

Mosque of Suleyman

Why was the Blue Mosque built?

It was built as a gift to Allah as a result of the recent Turkish military defeats in the hope of pleasing the god. There had not been a new mosque built in a long time,

How many minarets did the Blue Mosque have, and why was that bad?

Imperial mosques were supposed to have 4 minarets, but the Blue Mosque had 6, which was the same number of minarets as the most important Muslim shrine

How did the Blue Mosque get its name?

The blue ceramic that was used

Who lived in the Tokapi Palace?

The sultan and his family for around 400 years, starting after the city was conquered on May 29, 1453

What were concubines?

Slaves whose primary purpose was to appease their master's lust

What would happen when a sultan died, starting with Suleyman's rule?

New sultans taking power would kill anyone who was a threat to their power, including children and babies

What is cultural blending?

The mixing of different cultures due to migration, trade, or conquest

What are the results of cultural blending?

It may lead to changes in language, religion, styles of government, racial/ethnic blending,and art and architecture

Why was there a lot of cultural blending in the Safavid Empire?

Suleyman brought in foreign artists and scholars and because of his interest in learning

Where were the Safavids from?

Persia

Why did the Safavids have to build such a strong army?

They were located between the Ottomans and Uzbek tribespeople and the Mughal Empire., so they needed to be able to protect themselves

Who was the founder of the Safavids?

Isma'il

Which modern day region did Isma'il conquer?

Iran

Was Isma'il religously tolerant?

No, he put anyone who did not convert to the branch of Shi'a Islam to death

What happened as a result of the Safavid's defeat to the Ottomans and Selim the Grim?

They adopted the use of artillery

Who was the golden age ruler of the Safavids?

Shah (King) Abbas

What did Shah Abbas do?

Brought Persia culture and the gold age in the 1500 and 1600s, Reformed civilian and military life and allowed for Persian art to flourish

What did Shah Abbas do for the government of the Safavids?

He punished corruption severely and promoted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty. He also put foreigners in positions of power and allowed Christians into the land

What was the capital of the Safavid empire?

Isfahan

Where were the artisans from that lived in the Safavid empire?

They were both natural Safavids and foreigners (especially Chinese)

What was special about the Persian carpets that were made in the Safavid empire?

European designs were incorporated into the carpets as a result of cultural blending

How did the Europeans impact the Persian carpet making industry?

They transformed it from a local craft to a national industry, along with European designs being incorporated into the carpets

What was the relationship between the Safavids and Europeans?

They were a natural ally because both empires knew the threat the Ottomans held (and the Ottomans were the Safavid's blood rivals)

How did the Safavid's benefit from the relationship with the Europeans?

They got more power, which allowed them to keep on fighting the Ottomans

How did the Europeans benefit from the relationship with the Safavids (geopolitics)?

They had a protector from the Ottomans

Where were the Mughals from?

India

What is the oldest religion and where is it mainly practiced?

Hinduism, India

What is the goal of Hinduism, and what religion is it similar to with its ultimate goal?

It stresses that people reach true enlightenment and happiness only after they free themselves from their earthly desires, which is similar to the goal of Buddhism

There are ___ major sects of Hinduism, and ___ major gods

4, 3

Where is Islam practiced?

Middle East, Southwest to central Asia and parts of Africa, Southeast Asia

What do Muslims believe?

-Sunni Muslims believe that their leaders should follow Muhammad's example

-Shi'a Muslims believe that their

leaders should be Muhammad's descendants

Where is Buddhism praciticed?

Sri Lanka, East and Southeast Asia, and Japan

What do Buddhists believe?

The key to happiness was detachment from all worldly goods

and desires, which can be achieved by following the Noble Eightfold Path

What do Hindus believe happens after death?

Reincarnation

What is karma in Hinduiism?

The sum of one's actions will determine a person's fate of future existence

What is dharma in Hinduism?

The religious and moral duties of an individual

Is Hinduism mono or polytheistic?

Polytheistic

Who is Brahman in Hinduism?

the Supreme Being; God.

What is a caste in Hinduism?

A caste in Hinduism is an inescapable basis of social order. The caste one is born into dictates one's life changes, school, job, etc

The circle of Hinduism could be compared to which children's game?

Chutes and Ladders

There are ___ major sects in Buddhism, and ___ cardinal faults

3, 3

Before Siddhartha's (Buddha) birth, he was prophosized to be what?

A great ruler or a religious figure

What was Siddhartha's childhood like?

He was sheltered, spoiled, and rich, so he didn't know the cruelties of the world

When Siddhartha went outisde his palace's walls, which four people did he see, and how did it affect him?

1. Old man: Everyone ages

2. Sick man: Not everyone is elathy

3. Corpse: Everyone dies

4. Spiritual seeker: People were living very different lives than he was

How did Siddhartha view his son, and why did he abandon his family?

He saw his family, his son included, as a chain tethering him to the life he had

Why were people during Siddhartha's time renouncing the old Vedic faiths?

They did not fulfill their spiritual needs, and society was changing, so the followers were no longer satisfied

What is the purpose of yoga?

To fall into a deep meditation

What is asceticism?

It is the belief that one could go beyond the body and achieve enlightenment by punishing the body

Why did Siddhartha quit the ascetic lifestyle?

It was killing him, and he wasn't getting anything from it

What was the importance of the city Bodh Gaya?

It was the sacred place of Buddhism

Which tree did the Buddha mediate at while trying to achieve Enlightenment?

The Bodhi Tree

What is Mara the god of?

Desire

What is the Buddhist term for awakening?

Nirvana

What did the Buddha realize about nirvana?

Everyone has the potential to achieve it because it is within you

Why was the Buddha worried to tell everyone about his discoveries?

He thought everyone would think he was crazy

Who became the first students of the Buddha?

His 5 ascetic friends

What was the Buddha's first lesson?

The Dharma