ALL HCS DEFINITONS

Biomedical Model

looks at health in terms of an underlying deviation

from normal physiological function

eg from a virus, gene or abnormality

biopsychosocial approach

The biopsychosocial approach systematically considers biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery.

Internal locus of control

Belief you are in control of what happens to you (less likely to seek medical attention) If medical attention found, up to them to get better

External Locus of control

What happens to them is determined by outside factors (likely to seek medical attention) Rely on medical professionals to fix them

Preventative Behaviour

Activity undertaken for the purpose of preventing illness

Sick role behaviour

Formal response to sickness, seeking of formal help / subsequent action of a person as a patient

Sick role

refers to the rights and obligations associated with illness that shape the behaviour of doctors and patients.

Stress

when the demands on a person is greater than their resources or ability to cope

Problem focused coping

Targets and tackles the problem or cause of stress

Behavioural/cognitive

Emotion focused coping

Aims to reduce negative emotional response associated with the stress eg anxiety, fear, embarrassment

may involve psychological defence mechanisms eg projection or repression

generally done when stress is outside a persons control

Qualitative research

Process of collecting, analysing and interpreting non numerical data

involves the application of logical, planned and thorough methods of collective data

Stigma

Strong mark of disapproval from many people in society

usually due to deviation from social norm

Involves things people don't have control over - invokes shame

Discreditable

not known by many people , only close people to the individual

Discrediting

obvious stigma that cant be hidden from others

Enacted

stigma felt in real time, condition presents as a disadvantage - denotes discrimination by others

Felt

Internalised sense of shame, results in fear of enacted stigma (discrimination) - prevents people doing things

Projected stigma

Strategies or tactics used to combat or avoid enacted stigma (covering a scar)

Trans-theoretical model

Related to changing detrimental, chronic and addictive behaviours

Useful in practice when dealing with patients who smoke, drink and have other addictions

lay epidemiology

process used to describe the processes through which health risks are understood and interpreted by laypeople.

Ethnography

The study of social interactions, behaviours and perceptions that occur within groups, teams, organisations and communities

Research involves immersion in everyday life of a chosen setting ⇒ peoples cultures, customs, habits etc

involves observing interactions and behaviours and talking to members of that environment

Lay knowledge

Ideas and perspectives employed by social actors to interpret their experiences of health and illness in everyday life

The way people view their illness and try to understand and make sense of it based on their knowledge

Adherence

The extent to which the patient's behaviour matches the agreed recommendations of the prescriber

occurs most likely when patient understands, retains and is satisfied with what they are told

suggests patient - doctor partnership

Concordance

Compromised agreement between doctor and patient on conditions patient has to follow for treatment

Based on ethos of a shared approach to decision making

leads to improved health, increased adherence, improved satisfaction and fewer medication problems

Appliance

The extent to which a person's behaviour coincides with medical instructions (medication)

suggests paternalistic approach

not affected by social factors (gender, age, class etc.)

Non-adherence

failure to follow advice which can lead to harmful effects on health

Patients may find conditions agreed hard to follow, may not understand, not satisfied with consultation or diagnosis

adherence may conflict with other things patient wants, or medication may have negative side effects

Illness beliefs

the belief an individual has about their illness / symptoms including cause, severity, interpretations and how they should react

Disability

a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term negative effect on your ability to do normal daily activities.

Social model of disability

-       Individuals are disabled only due to the barriers in society, not by their impairment or difference; social creation.

society responsible for disabling physically impaired people and unnecessarily isolating / excluding these people from full participation

Not disabled as a result of their impairment itself

progressive model

Medical model of disability

looks at impairment first

focuses on impairment as the cause of disabled people being unable to participate in society

reactionary model

Impairment vs disability

abnormility itself, restriction caused

What is the definition of a disability according to the social model

More of an experience than an impairment

Experience caused by failure from society to take account of people with impairments and associated needs

Results in Loss / limitation of opportunities to take part in normal life / community / unequal level of participation in society

Chronic illness

a long term health condition that may not have a cure.

deteriorates over time

typically categorised as something that lasts longer than 3 months

Defensive coping

minimises significance of their illness and ignores it (DNARA)

D-Denial ⇒ denies having the illness

N-Normalising ⇒ thinks symptoms are normal (poor compliance)

A-Avoidance ⇒ avoids situation (social exclusion)

R-Resignation ⇒ person consumed by illness and relies on everyone else

A-Accommodation ⇒ Person acknowledges and deals with the problems occurring

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

progressive respiratory disorder characterised by airflow limitation

Causes dyspnea, cough and sputum

can affect memory and cognitive function (likely to reduce O2 to brain)

Quality of life

The standard of health, comfort and happiness experienced by a group or individual

Chronic Illness

Any disease that last over a long period of time, symptoms can vary daily, controllable but not curable, causes continuous or episodic periods of incapacity

Ilness Narrative

Refers to individuals description of their experience with chronic illness- understanding stems from witnessed experiences of chronic illness. Reinstates the gap between healthy self and ill self.

story put together based on patient needs, perception of self, narrative of illness within thier own story.

Addiction

Chronic condition involving repeated powerful motivation to engage in a behaviour, acquired as a result of engaging in that behaviour, with potential for significant unintended harm. Limited self-control with harmful effects

Disease Model

addiction is a progressive disease that needs to be treated it is chronic and uncontrollable recognises that treatment is possible

purpose is to view addiction as a disease to reduce stigma

Moral Code

that addicts are weak individuals

people are addicted due to their own lifestyle choices ⇒ no biological basis for addiction

increases stigma ⇒ little empathy for addicts

Genetic model

Genetically predisposed to certain addictive behaviours, disregaurds environmental plus social influence

Choice model

Individual chooses to be addicted to substance, consume addictive substance (action of choice), can as easily stop being addicted as start

Exposure model

Regular consumption of addictive substance, leads to metabolic dependancy, must increase doasage receive effect

Experimental model

just a phase where they experiment with drug, dependent on social climate

Operant condition

negative reinforcement through removing the craving and feeling of loss with the activity to feel fulfilled again. Learning in which a particular action is elicited because it produces a punishment or reward. Usually elicits voluntary responses.

Classical Conditioning

learning by association, associate the rush of adrenaline, good feelings, any paraphernalia to the addictive object. Learning in which a natural response is elicited by a conditioned, or learned, stimulus that previously was presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus. Usually elicits involuntary responses.

Prime theory

Theory proposes that the human motivational system consists of five key subsystems: one that stores and regenerates plans, or self-conscious intentions to do or not do something (P); one that coordinates and activates responses (R); one that generates impulses and inhibitions (I); one that creates motives (wants and needs) (M); and one that creates and recalls evaluations (beliefs about what is good and bad) (E)

Plans: Long-term strategies and goals that people create to guide their behavior over extended periods. These are often conscious and deliberate.

Responses: The immediate actions or behaviors that occur in response to a specific situation or stimulus. These can be automatic or controlled.

Impulses: Spontaneous, often emotional, reactions that can influence behavior in the moment. Impulses are typically fast and automatic.

Motives: The underlying drives or needs that fuel behavior, such as desires for food, social connection, or achievement. These can be both conscious and unconscious.

Evaluations: Judgments and assessments of situations, potential actions, and outcomes. Evaluations involve weighing the pros and cons and are often conscious and reflective.

Labelling

attaching descriptive words to people

that influences the attitudes and behaviour of other people towards them,putting them in a category

Qualitative Interview

Involves the application of logical, planned and thorough methods of collecting data and thoughtful analysis.Way of doing research without counting because it does not set out to quantify or enumerate the social world or phenomena studied.

Strutured interview

Same questions used each time in same order, same for every participant, set method of questioning

Semi-structured Interview

Some set of questions, but allow participants to go into depth and carry on from there

Unstructured Interview

No specific method of interviewing + no set of questions, can be different for different participants

Narrative Interview

Conversations in which the interviewer guides the interview subject through their own story of events

Learned Helplesness

refers to an individuals generalised belief that they can't control events that happen to them

thought to underlie passivity

hospital provides environment to induce helplessness as patients learn they have little influence

Ethnicity

Designation of a group of people that share a common identify based ancestry, language or culture

Sometimes based on religion, beliefs and customs as well as memories of migrational colonisation

Culture

A set of guidelines that individuals inherit as part of a particular society that tells them how to view the world and how to experience it emotionally and how to behave in relation to other people and the environment

(shared experiences, beliefs and values → can change over time depending on what a person is exposed to)

Acculturation

incorporation of some of the cultural attributes of the larger society

Racialisation

the process of categorising, marginalising or regarding according to race

'the spirit level' in regards to inequality

The larger the income inequality existing between the richest and poorest

the greater certain social problems facing that society

absolute poverty

lack of the basic material necessities of life

social drift

poor health leads to inequalities,

7 domains of deprivation

-income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing and services, living environment-there are ranks based on the domains for every area-however some people who aren't deprived may live in an area of deprivation and vice versa

Subjective expected utility

Term used to explain the value people give to a particular outcome

higher rates of risky behaviour reflect differences in beliefs about the subjective expected utility of different behaviours

BASICALLY ⇒ Adolescents may not think the 'bad' outcomes of their risky behaviour is as bad or as likely as adults think

Nativism

theory that says children have an innate predisposition for language ⇒ built in capacities for language

LAD

Biologically based

Interactionism

explores collective group and team behaviours and perceptions.

-       Studies how people interact verbally and non-verbally.

-       How meanings are created and modified by social interaction.

-       Human beings act on the basis of the meaning they have for them.

Language development = combination of nature vs nurture

children learn language via innate linguistic capacity and a strong sense to connect with others

a skill

directs how infants explore and develop knowledge and skillsa skill

directs how infants explore and develop knowledge and skills

Medicalisation

The process by which non medical problems become defined and treated as medical issues usually in terms of illnesses and disorders.

Bonding

Formation of a mutual emotional and psychological closeness between a newborn and their primary caregiver

babies usually bond with their parents in the minutes, hours or days following birth

Attachment

A strong affectional tie felt for another; a mutual and reciprocated bond between caregiver and child.

Risk

chance or likelihood that something will harm or otherwise affect your health

Surveillance Medicine

Closely monitoring a patient's condition to see disease onset, progression or treating if there are changes in test results

Health Promotion

Planned activities that are designed to prevent illness and improve the health of the population

Compliance

the extent to which the patient's behaviour matches the prescriber's recommendations

Adherence

the extent to which the patient's behaviour matches agreed recommendations from the prescriber

Hypochondriassis

•Belief / fear that they will develop a serious illness based on their own misinterpretation of body signs

Social Determinants

the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes

Illness Behaviours

Refers to how people interpret and define their symptoms and their actions in coping with the illness and how they interact with various social networks as they try to cope with or accommodate these symptoms.

Health Related Behaviour

Lifestyle choice made when you have an increased mortality risk

Fatalism

The belief that health outcomes are predetermined or inevitable, regardless of personal actions. Low control over health improvement.

Short-Termism

Favouring short-term projects for immediate profits

Interviews

a qualitative method of collecting data that is specific to each person

Addiction

A chronic condition involving repeated, powerful motivation to engage in a behaviour, acquired as a result of engaging in that behaviour with the potential for significant unintended harm.

Thematic Analysis

method of analyzing qualitative research, and finding patterns within it

Family

group of intimates with strong emotional bonds and a history and future as a group

medically unexplained symptoms

persistent bodily complaints for which adequate examination does not reveal sufficient explanatory structural or other specified pathology

Gender

relates to culturally appropriate behaviour of men and women as shaped by society

Sex

biological differences between men and women

Enacting Gender

behaving according to your gender as assumed by society

Hegemony

cultural process of domination - organises, monitors and restricts ways in which new ideas and systems of valuation are established

Hegemonic Masculinity

practice that instils powerful men's dominant position within society - justifies the subordination of women and other marginalised ways of being a man 'too feminine', 'be a man'

Discourse Analysis

studying and analysing the use of language  both written and spoken in relation to its social context.

How language constructs meaning

Formal Linguistic Discourse Analysis

structural analysis of text in order to find general underlying rules of linguistic or communiucative function

Empirical Discourse Analysis

broad themes and function of languageo   – conversation analysis and genre analysis.

Critical Discourse Analysis

Encompass an even wider sphere that includes all of the social practices, individuals and institutions that make is possible or legitimate to understand phenomena.

Conversation Analysis

-       An approach to the study of social interaction both verbal and non-verbal conduct in situations of everyday life.

Race

a contested category rather than an inherent biological difference

Ethnicity

designation of a group of people that share common identity-based ancestry, language or culture

Culture

a set of guidelines that individuals inherit as part of a particular society, and that tell them how to view the world, how to experience it emotionally and to behave in relation to other people...and the environment

Geographic Ancestry/Inheritance

genetic variation according to the geographic origins of an individual, which sometimes but not always, links to one's self-identification with a specific race or ethnicity