Bio 100 First exam

what is bio

the study of life

what and when was the big bang

13.8 billion years ago
Helium and hydrogen caused a huge expansion of matter resutling in all that came to be

Timeline of the world and life

Big Bang: 13.8 billion years ago
Earth formed: 4.6 billion years ago
Prokaryotic life formed 3.5 billion years ago
Eukaryotic life formed 2 billion years ago
multicellular life formed 600 million years ago

6 major components of life

1. Evolution

2. response to stimuli

3. attain and consume energy

4. grow

5. maintain complexity

6. reproduce

what is autopeises vs homestais what happens if these fail

Autopoesis is the process a thing does to remain the same I.e, self replication

If it fails they lose the ability to maintain strucute and eventually die

homestasis is the processes a thing goes through to maintain itself at a livable level like mainitng temperature
if this fails things lose the ability to maintain themselves cellular imbalence, sickness or death can occur.

What is evoltuion

the result of natural selection, things changing to better survive

what are examples of response to external stimuli for a plant, a person and a shark

a venus fly trap closes when a fly lands on it, also respond to growth behavior when sun hits them

a person hears something and looks over

a shark swims towards the scent of blood

whta do a tree, muschroom and human have in common.

at a cellular level, a lot, more simalraties than differneces, follow al 6 components of life, biggest difference is homebox genes which determine our shapes.

what is science

a systematic process of discovery

scientific method

observation

question

hypothesis

expermiment

analysis

conclusion

what is a hypothesis

a potnential explination or sollution to a problem

what is a theory

something that technically cannot be proven but has so much information and fact backing it up that it is taken as fact

what are variables

things that change in an experiment

how do controls contriubte to the validitiy of an experiment

they give a basis of which to compare to

why is repeatability importnat in sicence

so others can repeat and compare their results to yours

what is sponteneous generation

the belief that life comes from basically nothing, like dead bodies make flies and broth makes bacteria

how was the enviorment 3.8 billion years ago differnt from today

toxic enviorment

no free o2

many sources of energy via lightning, volcanic activity, and raditation via cosmic UV.

how long did it take for prokaryotic life to evolve and Eukaryotic to come about after the big bang

Prokaryotic life took 1 billion years

Eukaryotic took another 1.5 billion for a total of 2.5 billion

what di dFrancesco redi do?

the meat experiment

kept one covered up and away from flies and left one out with flies (helped disprove spontaneous generation)

what did Louis pasteure and Jon Tyndall do

the broth leaving one covered and one not also disproving spontaneous generation.

what did Stanley Miller and Harlod Urey do

did an experiment that simulated early earths enviorment learned that many things existed
Amino acids

sugars

lipids

nucleic acid parts

but no nucleotides

what did Gunter Watchershauser do

propsed that prebiotics were further synthesised on clay surfaces/near hydrothermal vents

larger complex organisms formed including RNA

what did Thomas cech and Sidney Altman do

discovered a cellular reaction that was not catalyzed by protein but rather by RNA

Discovered RNA can

Splice Rna fragmenrs together

Cut RNA

attach amino acids to proteins

What is the primordial soup related to prebiotics

the world was a soup full of all things nescary to form life full of the things needed to create life (prebiotics) some other things were more abundant then others. However, it is very dilute and fragile

Iron-sulfur world hypothesis

prebiotics were furthur sythesized on clay surfaces by hydrothermal vents, this was more protected and through this larger and more complex compunds were formed The iron and sulfur moved electrons esasily catalyzing chemical reactions.

what is a ribozoyme and its role in biogenisis

RNA molecules that catalzye metabloic reactions.

what are vesicles and why are they important to to biogensis

they are hollow spheres composed of lipids and proteins, ribosomes and other enlosed molechules would have been protected by vesicles

what is a protocell

a strucure that is simaler to a cell but not alive, essentially a more exomplex vesicle

what are the four primary elements for life

carbon

nitrogen

oxygen

hydrogen

difference bwetween a molecule and compound

a molechule is a particalr formation of certain elements in a certain ration a compound is any more than two atoms bonded together

what is a bond

a force that holds atoms together

what is a chemical reaction

a process in which a begninig substances ends as a new substance

what is an ionic bond

one atom gives an electron to another creating oppisite charges attracting them

whats a covelant bond

two atoms share electrons

can a covelant bond be polar

yes

where is the parital postiive in a water molechule

the hydrogen

where is the partial negative charge in water moleules

the oxygen

what bond holds water together

hydrogen bonds

what are the four life sustaining properties of water

choesive

moderates temp

solvent

ice floats

what does it mean that water is polar

it has an uneven distribution of electreical charges

what defines an acid

a chemical compound that relases H+ into a solution

what defines a base

a compound that accepts H+ and removes them from a sollution

what is the physicological PH

7.4

what are the conseaucnes of not maininting proper ph

diseases like alkoliosis