Term1 Q&A Revision 1 Worksheet

Water

A vital biological solvent that provides a medium for biochemical reactions.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, primarily serving energy functions.

Denaturation

The process in which proteins lose their structure and function due to external stressors.

Cell wall

A rigid outer layer of plant cells that provides structural support.

Mitosis

A process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Enzymes

Specialized proteins that act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions.

Sucrose

A disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose, commonly found in plants.

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information.

Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Rickets

A vitamin D deficiency disease leading to weakened bones.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins, linked by peptide bonds.

Eutrophication

Nutrient over-enrichment of water bodies, leading to excessive algae growth and depletion of oxygen.

Lysosome

Cell organelles that contain enzymes to digest cellular waste.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed within membranes.

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence

The order of amino acids in a protein, determining its structure and function.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the cell's equator.

Active Site

The specific region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The structural component of cell membranes, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Transport Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the movement of ions and molecules across the cell membrane.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding energy.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate.

Hypothesis

A testable statement predicting the outcome of a scientific investigation.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

Carcinogenic

Substances that can cause cancer by promoting uncontrolled cell division.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.

Chromatin

The form of DNA in non-dividing cells, consisting of DNA and protein.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like material within a cell that contains organelles.

Karyokinesis

The division of a cell's nucleus during mitosis.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases that a cell undergoes leading to its division and replication.

Plant Cell Growth

The process wherein plant cells increase in size and number, facilitated by mitosis.

Biuret Test

A chemical test used for detecting proteins based on color change.

Benedict's Test

A test for reducing sugars indicated by a color change.

Iodine Test

A test for starch indicated by a color change to blue-black.

Nutritional Information

Data on the nutritional content of food, including vitamins and minerals.

Thylakoid

Membranous structures within chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions take place.

Oligosaccharides

Short chains of sugar molecules, often serving as energy sources.

Protoplasm

The living substance within a cell, including cytoplasm and organelles.

Trans Fat

Unsaturated fats that have been hydrogenated, which can negatively affect heart health.

Vacuole

A storage organelle in cells, typically larger in plant cells.

Asthma

A respiratory condition that can be exacerbated by environmental factors.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits molecules by adding water.