mckay chapter 13 reformation and religious wars

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy, widespread in the 1500s because of clerical immortality, ignorance, and pluralism

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church that shortened time in purgatory and brought forgiveness to sins

Protestant

the group of people who followed Luther and weren't considered Catholic

Spanish Armada

a fleet sent by Philip II from Portugal to England to escort barges and attack England as a religious crusade against Protestantism, but it was taken down by weather and English ships

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

a work by Calvin that described the ideas involved in his theology, focused on the absolute power and control of God and predestination

predestination

one of Calvin's main points that God has determined your salvation/damnation upon your creation based on his will and not anything that you do during life

Holy Office

the official Roman Catholic agency developed in 1542 made up of 6 cardinals that could arrest, imprison, and execute in order to combat international doctrinal heresy

Jesuits

AKA the Society of Jesus; group of people formed by Loyola whose goal was to spread Catholic faith and improve people's spiritual condition

What were the central ideas of the reformers, and why were they appealing to different social groups?

The reformers resented the Catholic Church and their actions, and believed that salvation was achieved through faith alone, having the Bible as the sore authority, and a priesthood of all believers. They appealed to the poor who envied the Church's wealth, and the educated who had been searching for reform, but they knew they needed the support from leaders if they wanted permanent change. They lost the support from peasants in 1525 after he didn't support their revolt. However, both Catholics and Protestants believed that a state church was necessary to keep order.

priesthood of all believers

everyone has the ability to interpret the Bible and is equal in God's eyes

What were the actions of the Church that reformers resented?

Simony, pluralism, absenteeism, sale of indulgences, nepotism, clerical ignorance, and clerical immortality

simony

the buying and selling of church offices (unqualified people would become bishops or cardinals)

pluralism

an official holding more than one office at a time

nepotism

favoritism to relatives in appointment of church offices

clerical immortality

popes not respecting celibacy, priests being drunkards, gambling

clerical ignorance

priests were barely literate and did not understand the Latin words of the Mass that they were preaching

How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?

Charles V gained a huge mass of land when he was ruler, and he was a religious Catholic which meant that he would guide his people to be Catholic as well. However, Protestantism appealed to Germany because it would bring them farmland, monasteries, and shrines. Switzerland's cantons also went into civil war over the two religions. A treaty was made to allow each nation to pick their religion, but Charles believed religious division would weaken them and tried to force Catholicism but was met with the Augsburg Confession, and a military alliance that he could not tackle because his was in France. Eventually Charles created the Peace of Augsburg which ended the wars.

Augsburg Confession

the first Lutheran statement of faith that is still authoritative today

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement between Charles V and protestants in Germany officially declaring Lutheranism, but the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?

Protestant ideas first spread to Scandinavia, and to other parts of Northern Europe. It then spread to England because of Henry VIII breaking from the Catholic Church due to not being granted the annulment he wanted. Ultimately Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) kept protestantism in place. Protestant ideas then spread into France and eastern Europe because of the printing press, new universities, and increasing literacy.

How was catholicism still present in England even after Elizabeth's reign?

Some of the church practices and rituals resembled those of Catholicism, services were in English, clergy was allowed to marry, and people were allowed to worship Catholicism privately but would be fined if not at the church services.

Calvinism

religion based on predestination and absolute power of God, created by John Calvin

The King's Great Matter

the nickname of Henry VIII's problem of his wives not being able to birth a male heir and not being able to get an annulment to have a new wife to try again

Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?

to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon who couldn't produce a male heir because Emperor Charles V was related to her and wouldn't allow it

What reforms did the Catholic Church make, and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements?

The Catholic Reformation began with Pope Paul III focusing on educating the clergy, the stop of simony, and stricter control of clerical life. he formed the Holy Office as well as a general council in order to reconcile with Protestants, Lutherists, and Calvinists with their main topic of discussion being the Scriptures. The council formed enforced bishops residing in their district, the stop of simony and indulgence sales, priests to follow celibacy, and religious professors determining someone's inclination for priesthood rater than parents. The Jesuits were also formed which provided a four week spiritual conditioning program (Spiritual Exercises) to meld God's will with your own.

Angela Merici

Founded the Ursuline Order; They taught girls and believed education was the key to strengthening the Catholic Church.

Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

What were the causes and consequences of religious violence, including riots, wars, and witch-hunts?

In France, Calvinists and Catholics both thought the other was polluting the community. Calvinists responded by taking down statues, windows, paintings, and other images that the power of was questioned by Calvin's teachings. Catholics responded by defending these images and both sides killed opponents. A particular bad attack was on Saint Bartholomew's day but France was in the end saved by politiques and the edict of nantes. In the Netherlands, Charles V owned 17 provinces that had their own laws and were united simpy by their common leader. Calvinism appealed to merchants/artisans but Spanish authorities tried to suppress this and were met with Catholic churches being sacked. Civil war broke out but ended in the Union of Utrecht. Witch hunts became more popular because of insecurity after religious wars and both religions wanting all signs of the devil to be gone, as well as the legal changes from accusatorial to inquisitorial.

What happened during the savage Catholic attack on Calvinists on Saint Bartholomew's day?

The king's sister was getting married to a protestant which was an attempt to reconcile but protestant wedding guests were mass murdered and this spread, and then lead to a 15 year civil war.

politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse

edict of nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots (liberty of conscience and public worship)

union of utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain, formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and became Protestant

John Wyclif

English theologian whose objections to Roman Catholic doctrine anticipated the Protestant Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Johann Tetzel

The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Lutheranism

salvation through faith, Bible as the sole authority, and priesthood of all believers

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant his ideas but he refused

Edict of Worms

When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands for heresy

German Peasants Revolt

Wanting to be freed from serfdom. Surprisingly, Luther doesn't support this & writes to the princes showing no mercy. The princes' armies kill 100,000 people, and many peasants reject Luther's religious leadership

anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

Tragedy at Munster

Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces captured the city and executed Anabaptist leaders that had taken over Munster

John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Church of England

Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism during reign of Catholic royalty

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Pilgrimage of Grace

Catholic uprising in England in 1569 that tried to restore the Catholic religion, drive Protestant leadership from London, and acknowledge Mary Stuart as England's rightful heir

Jane Seymore

Henry VIII's third wife; had his first son, Edward, who succeeds him upon death

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)

during her five year reign as queen of England, she tried to reimpose Catholicism in England, by means of persecuting Protestants. Around 300 people were executed, mostly her opponents.

Elizabeth I (Virgin Queen)

Oversaw the development of Protestantism in England, was a Politique who was a politician who navigated a middle ground between Anglicanism and Protestantism.

Elizabethan Settlement

term applied to English parliamentary laws passed early in Elizabeth's reign that required conformity to the Church of England and uniformity of church worship even though people could worship whatever in private

Thirty-Nine Articles

Issued by Elizabeth I, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Henry IV

he rose to power and ended the French Civil Wars and converted to Catholicism to gain the loyalty of Paris but also established the Edict of Nantes and secretly remained a Calvinist himself

Leo X

the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic (renewed peace of augsburg)