5-A Health and Physical Education

Basic Structure of the Human Body

There are 11 organ systems in the human body: integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, urinary system, and reproductive systems

Skeletal System

These are bones, and they support the body's internal organs. For example, the ribs support and protect the heart and lungs. Students should be aware that a strong skeletal system is important and can be achieved with nutrition and exercise.

Muscular System

This includes the skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. This system is responsible for carrying out body movements.

Cardiovascular system

This includes the heart that pumps blood and blood vessels such as arteries and veins, that transport the blood to every part of our body providing organs and muscles with nourishment. The blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste and more throughout the body. It is important to communicate that to avoid disease, students should work on their cardiac health through nutrition and exercise.

Nervous System

This includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Stress can negatively affect the nervous system. Play, physical activity, yoga, and meditation are all beneficial to a healthy nervous system.

Nutrition

The best place to find reputable research for guiding instruction in nutrition is the United States Department of Agriculture MyPlate.

MyPlate is a website where people can find nutritional guidelines and information on healthy eating. The organization has presented information easy to understand by using a plate rather than a chart or graph. The idea is that healthy eating includes a plate that look like the one below.

Macromolecules in Food

Macromolecules are the large molecules found in our food. They are the source of nutrients and energy. The three macromolecules found in food are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

• Carbohydrates - Composed of sugars and are the body's first source of energy. Fuel from carbohydrates is available to the body immediately. If not used, they are stored in the body and can become fat.

• Proteins - Composed of amino acids, proteins help to build cell structures in the body. Eating protein is essential for building muscle.

• Lipids (fats) - The main way the body stores energy. In food, there are many types of fats— saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and trans fats.

Cognitive Domain

The cognitive domain has to do with mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge. An example of how this is used in PE is when students are learning the rules of a game or listening to directions before a physical activity.

Psychomotor Domain

The psychomotor domain is the physical domain. This includes both gross motor skills (large muscles) and fine motor skills (small muscles). An example of how this is used in PE is when students are engaged in a physical activity like running, jumping, playing, etc.

Affective Domain

The affective domain has to do with feelings, emotions, selfesteem and how children see themselves. This domain finds its way into all types of learning, but especially sports. Some example of using the affective domain in PE are teaching students not to give up, to use good sportsmanship, to share, to help their teammates, etc.

Fine Motor Skills

Fine motor skills involve the small muscles in the hands and fingers. Activities that use fine motor skills are handwriting, drawing, and painting.

Gross Motor skills

Gross motor skills involve the large muscles in the legs, arms, and torso. Activities that involve gross motor skills are running, dancing, and jumping.

Muscular strength and endurance

Muscular strength and endurance are two important parts of the body's ability to move, lift things, and conduct day-to-day activities. Muscular strength is the amount of force you can put out or the amount of weight you can lift. Muscular endurance is how many times you can do the activity without getting tired. Activities include weightlifting and pushing or pulling something.

Cardiovascular fitness

Cardiovascular is related to the circulatory system—the heart and blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. Activities include running, aerobics, swimming, etc.

Flexibility -

Flexibility is the ability of a joint or series of joints to move through an unrestricted, painfree range of motion. Activities include stretching and yoga

Body composition

Body composition is a method of breaking down the body into its core components: fat, protein, minerals, and body water. It describes weight accurately in terms of what the body is made up of.

6 Elements of Physical Fitness

1. Agility - the capacity to change course, controlling the direction and position of your body while maintaining your momentum.

For example, running straight and then pivoting and running in the other direction involves agility.

2. Balance - the ability to stabilize your body.

For example, standing on one foot or walking across a beam requires balance.

3. Coordination - the synchronization of your senses and your body parts in a way that enhances motor skills.

For example, playing ping pong or dribbling a basketball require coordination.

4. Speed - the ability to move swiftly and efficiently.

For example, running in a race requires speed.

5. Power - the combination of speed and force. Throwing heavy objects or lifting something heavy requires power.

6. Reaction time - how swiftly you interpret and then react to expected and unexpected events happening around you. Hearing the starter pistol and exploding of the starting line requires reaction time.