Articulation System

Vocal Tract Cavities (3)

1. oral cavity

2. nasal cavity

3. pharyngeal cavity

Oral Cavity

lips anteriorly to palatoglossal arch (anterior faucial arch)

Nasal Cavity

extend horizontally from the nostrils anteriorly to the upper most portion of the pharynx posteriorly

Pharyngeal Cavity

extends from the base of skull to 6th cervial vertebrae

Pharyngeal Cavity: Nasopharynx

begins with attachment to the sphenoid and occipital bone and ends at the velum

Pharyngeal Cavity: Oropharynx

Extends from the velum and epiglottis

Pharyngeal Cavity: Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)

Extends from epiglottis to esophagus

• posterior to the oral cavity to larynx

• anterior to the cervical vertebrae

• superior to the esophagus

Articulation

movement of structures to form speech sounds

(8) Articulators: Moveable

1. tongue

2. lips

3. velum

4. pharynx

5. mandible

(8) Articulators: Immoveable

6. teeth

7. hard palate

8. alveolar ridge

Facial Bone: Mandible

• unpaired bone (fused during development)

• mental symphasis: fusion point at the anterior midline

• corpus/body: lateral mass containing the teeth

• *ramus: superior extension

• angle: bend between corpus and ramus (important for swallowing)

Ramus Anatomy

condylar process: posterior extension of ramus

• articulates with temporal bone to form a temporomandibular joint (TMJ is a moveable joint in skull)

coronoid process: anterior extension of ramus

Facial Bones: Maxilla (upper jaw bone)

• paired bone; fused at the midline

• creates:

  • hard palate (bony roof of mouth)

  • lateral nose

  • upper dental ridge

Palatine Process

horizontal extension creates ¾ of the hard palate

• connects at the intermaxillary structure (fibrous joints, mobile)

Cleft Palate

incomplete closure of palatine process during development

Facial Bone: Nasal bone

• paired

• create anterior bony structure of nose

Facial Bone: Palatine Bone

• paired

• forms ¼ posteior of the hard palate

• forms lateral wall of nasal cavity

Facial Bone: Vomer

• unpaired

• *creates inferior/posterior nasal septum

• connects with sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae and palatine bone

Facial Bone: Zygomatic Bone

• paired

• aka cheeks

• numerous processes

Inferior Nasal Concha

• scroll like paired bones

• inferior part of nasal cavity

• ethmoid bone creates superior and middle concha

super sensitive

Cranial Bones: Frontal Bone

• unpaired

• creates forehead

  • superior, anterior cranium, supraorbital region

• *articulates with the maxilla, nasal, and zygomatic facial bone

Suture

fibrous joint, immobile

Coronal Suture

between frontal and parietal bones

Cranial Bone: Parietal Bone

• paired

• superior, lateral portion of cranium

Pariteal Bone: Sagittal Suture

between R/L parietal bone

Pariteal Bone: Lambdoidal Suture

between parietal and occipital bone (base) posteriorly

Pariteal Bone & Temporal Bone: Squamosal Suture

between temporal and parietal bone

Occipital Bone

• unpaired; posterior and inferior region of cranium

• articulates with temporal, parietal and sphenoid bone

Occipital Bone: Landmarks

• foramen magnum: large hole in base of skull (brainstem/spinal cord leaves skull

• condoyles: bumps articulating with CV1 atlas

  • allows pivoting up and down

  • synovial joint

Temporal Bone

• paired

• 2 main sections

• *helps create the external auditory meatus (external ear canal)

• *articulates with the mandible with the condylar process (synovial joint)

• *The styloid process (stylohyoid ligament) is part of the temporal bone

• houses the organs for hearing and balance

• Temporal Fossa: created by temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones

  • attachment site for temporalis muscle

Temporal Bone: Occipitomastoid Suture

between occipital and temporal bones

Cranial Bones: Ethmoid Bone

• unpaired bone

• *separate nasal and cranial cavities

• many foramen for olfactory nerve fibers-CN1

• forms the *superior nasal septum

• forms the superior and medial nasal concha

Cranial Bones: Sphenoid Bone

• unpaired bone

Cavities of Vocal Tract

1. oral

2. buccal

3. nasal

4. pharyngeal

Oral Cavity

• most important for the articulation system

• contains the most articulators

• nearly all sounds exit the mouth (except for nasal sounds)

Oral Cavity: Hard Palate

• maxillary/palatal bone

• separates oral/nasal cavity

Hard Palate: Landmarks

• Alveolar Ridge

• Rugae

• Median Raphe: line running anterior/posterior

Oral Cavity: Velum (soft palate)

extends posteriorly from hard palate (palatine bone)

• moveable structure separating oral/nasal cavities

• uvala

  • terminal extension of velum

Oral Cavity: faucial arches

• tissue bands extending downward from velum

• anterior arches (palatoglossal arch)

• posterior arch (palatopharyngeal or facial arch)

• faucial arch from the posterior border of oral cavity

Buccae

Cheeks

Buccal Cavity

• Lateral Sulcus: space between gums and cheeks

• lateral to oral cavity

• dysphagia can occur (pocketing of food in the buccal cavity)

Dentition

arrangement of teeth

• 16 per arch for adult teeth

Incisors

cutting

• central incisors (2 per arch)

• lateral incisors (2)

Cuspid

canine/eyetooth

• single cusp

• used for tearing

• has the longest root

• 2

Bicuspid/Premolar

• 4 per arch

• 2 cusps

• present only in adults

Molars

• 6 in total

• 1st molar: largest

• 2nd: 3-4 cusps

• 3rd: wisdom teeth

• multiple roots

Deciduous Teeth

baby teeth; milk teeth

• typically erupt between 6-9 months

• 10 teeth per arch

• only 2 molars per side

• shedding occurs (6-9 years)