Traumatic brain injury

What are the common mechanisms of traumatic brain injury?

Falls, assaults, strikes, and motor vehicle accidents (MVA).

What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) classifcation for mild traumatic brain injury?

GCS of 13-15 with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) less than 20 minutes.

What are the classifcations of traumatic brain injury based on severity?

Mild (GCS 13-15), Moderate (GCS 9-12), Moderate Severe (GCS 6-8), Severe (GCS 3-5).

What are the neuropsychological effects of traumatic brain injury?

Cognitive changes, mood changes, personality changes, and conditions like post-concussion syndrome

What are the symptoms of a concussion

Headache, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, concentration problems, irritability, sleep disturbances, and amnesia

What is the acute treatment protocol for traumatic brain injury?

Assess airway, breathing, circulation (ABC), perform a neurological exam, conduct diagnostic imaging, and reduce intracranial pressure.

What is the diference between coup and contrecoup injuries?

Coup injury occurs at the site of impact, while contrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of the impact

What complications can arise from traumatic brain injury?

Edema, increased intracranial pressure, hematoma, hemorrhage, skull fractures, and seizures.

What are the characteristics of a subdural hematoma?

Arises from scar tissue, more common in penetrating injuries, onset may be delayed, and children are more susceptible (internal brain bleeding)

What diagnostic criteria indicate a complicated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)?

Positive imaging fndings in addition to loss of consciousness, memory loss, alteration of mental status, or focal neurological defcits.

What are the cognitive changes associated with traumatic brain injury?

Attention and processing speed, memory encoding, consolidation, retrieval, and language skills

. What is the signifcance of the DTI and SWI imaging techniques?

They are advanced imaging methods used to assess brain injuries and their efects.

What is the typical recovery timeline for mild traumatic brain injury?

Recovery can vary; repeat testing may occur at 3, 6, or 12 months depending on severity.

What is the relationship between traumatic brain injury and mood disorders?

Depression and anxiety are common, along with irritability, fatigue, and impulsivity.

What is the role of the frontal lobe in traumatic brain injury?

It is critical for executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, and impulse control.

What is the impact of cumulative efects from multiple concussions

Efects can lead to chronic issues such as post-concussive disorder and increased vulnerability to further injuries

What are the signs of increased intracranial pressure?

swelling of the brain, which can lead to brain displacement and deformation.

What is the diference between a linear skull fracture and a depressed skull fracture?

A linear skull fracture is a simple crack, while a depressed skull fracture involves a portion of the skull being pushed inward.

What is the signifcance of retrograde and anterograde degeneration in brain injuries?

Retrograde degeneration afects previously healthy neurons, while anterograde degeneration afects the axon and its connections.

What is the importance of assessing cognitive changes in recovery from traumatic brain injury?

Cognitive assessments help determine the level of independence and guide rehabilitation strategies.

What are the potential long-term efects of traumatic brain injury

Cognitive defcits, mood disorders, personality changes, and increased risk of dementia

What factors infuence the recovery process from mild traumatic brain injury?

Timing of assessments, severity of injury, and presence of psychological issues