Psychology 101: Exam 3 - Quiz 8

What is an engram?

• a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

• mental trauma that creates a distorted memory that is full of errors

• sensory component of a memory that can be retained for several moments

• emotional focus of a memory from a particularly meaningful event

a group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

What was the overall result of Lashley’s research that sought out the engram of human memory?

• He located the engram across the structures of the limbic system.

• He found no evidence that an engram actual exists.

• He observed that the engram exists in childhood but disappears when it is no longer needed.

• He identified an engram in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

• information; misinformation

• coding; recoding

• equipotentiality; amnesia

• construction; reconstruction

construction; reconstruction

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

• Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

• Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

• Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember.

• Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

• people would become comatose

• another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

• people would lose their ability to feel fear

• areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

• In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it.

• Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis.

• If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

• Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just “subtracting two.” This is an example of ________ rehearsal.

• massed

• maintenance

• elaborative

• mnemonic

elaborative

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don’t actively think about while you’re riding. You just sort of “do it” without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory.

• semantic

• sensory

• explicit

• implicit

implicit

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

• thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

• organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

• immediately applying new information to a practical problem

• sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?

• It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.

• It decreases the likelihood of experiencing transience of memories.

• A good night of sleep inhibits the experience of retroactive interference.

• It makes sure that your neurons are firing at peak speed and efficiency.

It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

• explicit memories

• implicit memories

• short-term memories

• sensory memories

explicit memories

Terrance finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

• semantic

• visual

• sensory

• acoustic

acoustic

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

• storage

• hyperthymesia

• encoding

• retrieval

retrieval

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

• equipotentiality hypothesis

• misinformation effect paradigm

• episodic memory effect

• levels of processing theory

misinformation effect paradigm

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.

• 50

• 30

• 10

• 70

30

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

• 3 plus or minus 2

• 9 plus or minus 3

• 4 plus or minus 1

• 7 plus or minus 2

4 plus or minus 1

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

• recall

• an engram

• recognition

• relearning

relearning

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

• rehearsal

• hyperthymesia

• relearning

• declarative memory

rehearsal

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

• stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

• memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size

• think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state

• sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of “Happy Birthday”

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

• stereotypical

• egocentric

• transient

• hindsight

hindsight

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

• episodic

• explicit

• procedural

• implicit

explicit

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

• recall

• sensory

• procedural

• effortful

sensory