apush period 4

Abolitionist Movement

A social and political campaign to end slavery in the United States, gaining momentum in the early 19th century.

Agricultural Inventions

Technological innovations like the mechanical reaper and steel plow that increased farm productivity and expanded agriculture.

American Anti-Slavery Society

An abolitionist organization founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison to promote immediate emancipation.

American System

Henry Clay’s economic plan including a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements to promote national growth.

American Temperance Society

Organization formed in the 1820s to reduce alcohol consumption and promote moral reform.

Annexation of Texas

The 1845 U.S. acquisition of Texas after it declared independence from Mexico, leading to tensions and the Mexican-American War.

Anti-Slavery Movement

Broader term for the push to limit or end slavery, including gradualists and radical abolitionists.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

One of the first major railroads in the U.S., connecting eastern markets with western territories.

Cotton Gin and Growth of Short Staple Cotton

Eli Whitney’s 1793 invention made cotton processing faster, boosting short staple cotton production and expanding slavery.

Cult of Domesticity

19th-century belief that women’s roles were limited to the home as caregivers and moral guides.

Cumberland Road

The first federally funded highway, also known as the National Road, aiding westward expansion.

Declaration of Sentiments

A document from the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) demanding gender equality and modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

Democratic Party (led by Jackson)

Political party that promoted states’ rights, westward expansion, and the interests of the “common man.”

Distant Market

A term describing how products were increasingly sold far from their place of origin due to improvements in transportation.

Dorothea Dix and Prison Reform

Dix led efforts in the 19th century to improve conditions in prisons and establish mental health institutions.

Erie Canal

A major waterway completed in 1825 connecting the Hudson River to the Great Lakes, transforming trade in the Northeast.

Era of Good Feelings

Period after the War of 1812 marked by national unity and the decline of the Federalist Party.

First Industrial Revolution

A shift to mechanized production, especially in textiles, beginning in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

First Political Party System

Political rivalry between the Federalists (Hamilton) and Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) in the early U.S.

Free Soil Movement

A political movement opposing the expansion of slavery into western territories, emphasizing “free soil, free labor, free men.”

German Immigrants

Large numbers arrived in the mid-1800s, settling in the Midwest and contributing to farming and urban trades.

Golden Age of American Whaling

A period in the early-to-mid 1800s when whaling was a major American industry, especially in New England.

Horace Mann and Education Reform

Advocate for public education who promoted free, standardized schooling to foster equality and citizenship.

Hudson River School of Art

Group of American landscape painters inspired by nature and Romantic ideals.

Impressment

British practice of capturing American sailors and forcing them into military service, a cause of the War of 1812.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law authorizing the relocation of Native Americans from southeastern U.S. to western territories.

Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

Land designated for relocated Native American tribes after forced removal from their homelands.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized components that allowed for mass production and easier repairs, introduced by Eli Whitney.

Irish Immigrants

Fled famine and poverty in the 1840s

Jackson’s Veto of the Second BUS

President Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., viewing it as elitist and unconstitutional.

King Cotton

Phrase reflecting the dominance of cotton in the southern economy and its importance to national and international markets.

Lancaster Turnpike

Early toll road in Pennsylvania that spurred further road building and connected farmers to markets.

Lewis and Clarke

Explorers commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Territory (1804

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal in which the U.S. bought territory from France, doubling its size and opening the West.

Lowell Mill Girls

Young women who worked in textile factories in Massachusetts, symbolizing early industrial labor and reform.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Market Revolution

Transformation in the U.S. economy due to changes in transportation, communication, and production methods.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 case affirming federal supremacy and supporting the constitutionality of the national bank.

Mechanical Reaper

Farming tool invented by Cyrus McCormick that sped up grain harvesting and increased farm efficiency.

Mexican-American War

1846

Mexican Cession

Land acquired from Mexico after the war, including California, Nevada, and much of the Southwest.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Agreement to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, banning slavery north of 36°30′.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy stating that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to future European colonization.

Mormon Migration

Westward movement of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to Utah to escape religious persecution.

More Participatory Democracy

Expansion of voting rights and political involvement for white men during the Jacksonian era.

Nat Turner Rebellion

1831 slave uprising in Virginia that led to harsher slave laws and widespread fear in the South.

New National Culture

A uniquely American identity formed in the early 1800s, blending European influences with U.S. ideals.

Regional Interdependence

Economic system where different U.S. regions specialized and relied on one another for goods and services.

Romanticism

Artistic and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion, nature, and individualism.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival in the early 1800s that inspired reform movements and widespread religious participation.

Sectional Differences

Economic, political, and cultural distinctions between the North, South, and West that led to tensions.

Semi-Subsistence Agriculture

Farming focused on producing food for family use, with little surplus for trade or sale.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention in 1848; issued the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equality.

South Carolina Nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Crisis where South Carolina claimed the right to nullify federal tariffs, challenging federal authority.

Steam Engine

Powered factories and locomotives, revolutionizing manufacturing and transportation.

Steamboats

Boats powered by steam engines that improved river transportation and trade.

Steel Plow

John Deere’s invention that allowed farmers to till tough prairie soil more effectively.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods used to protect domestic industries and generate revenue.

Telegraph

Invention by Samuel Morse enabling long-distance communication using Morse code.

Textile Machinery

Machines that transformed the production of cloth, central to early American industrialization.

Trail of Tears

Forced migration of Native Americans, especially the Cherokee, to Indian Territory, resulting in great suffering.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement that emphasized individual intuition, nature, and self-reliance.

Underground Railroad

Secret network of people and routes that helped enslaved individuals escape to freedom.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain over issues like trade and impressment; ended in a draw but boosted national pride.

Whig Party (led by Clay)

Political party opposing Jackson’s Democrats, supporting the American System and federal power.