Chem Honors- Semester 1

Partial Pressure

In a mixture of gases, each gas exterts a pressure based on the number of P, V, T, and n

H20

Water

NH3

Ammonia

h202

hydrogen peroxide

CH4

Methane

The velocity of gas particles are a function of

the temperature and mass of particles

Larger particles

Move more slowly

velocity is calculated

using the root mean square

diffiusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

effusion

A process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening

Ideal gases

imaginary gases that perfectly fit all of the assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory

Kinetic molecular theory

the theory that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules) moving constantly in random directions

Real gases

low temperature and high pressure, do not always follow gas laws

PV and TN

inverse relationship

initial, , arrows

What I F E stands for

plus

Manometer on right

negative

manometer on left

101\.3

Kpa

760

torr/mmHg

1

atm

Fusion

aka melting,

solidification

aka freezing

evaporation

boiling; liquid to gas

condensation

gas to liquid

all substances

have the same freezing and melting point

Sublimation

solid to gas

deposition

gas to solid

\-20c

ice

0 C

ice and water

100C

water and steam

>100

steam

Daltons atomic theory

1) elements are composed of atoms.

2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements.

3) elements can mix together

4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements

Gold foil expirement

atoms are mostly made of empty space

something in the center called the nucleus

\

electron mass

1/1837 amu

ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Average atomic mass

mass of isotope(% abundance) + mass of isotope(% abundance) + mass of isotope(% abundance)….

meniscus

shape of a line of water when measuring volume

when water is right on the line

zero fills in a decimal place

When measuring mass

estimate a space everytime

Rules when measuring

1. estimate between lines
2. last certain decimal
3. always one more than the smallest certain decimal

Significant figures

all the digits in a measurement that are directly measured, plus the last digit, which is estimated

Adding or subtracting

Sig Figs, same number of decimal places as measurement with the fewest number of decimal places

Mutplying or dividing

Sig Figs, same number as measurement with the least number of sig figs

Base unit of length

Meter (m)

base unit of mass

kilogram (Kg)

base unit of time

second (s)

base unit of temp

kelvin (k no degree symbol)

femto (f)

f 10^-15

pico (p)

10^-12

nano (n)

10^-5

micro (

10^-6

milli (m)

10^-3

centi

10^-2

deci (d)

10^-1

kilo (k)

10^3

mega (M)

10^6

giga (G)

10^9

tera (T)

10^12

Length

39\.37 in

1\.094 yd

mass

kg

2\.2 lbs

1/1000 g

temperature

K

water freezes at 273.15K

boils at 373.15K

Voluume

amount o space taken up by an object

cubic meter

Liter

Cubic centimeter

\

Perent Absolute Error

individual result to accept value

Percent Relative Error

Individual result to class average

Standard deviation

class precision for a particular result

Evaluation standard dev

stDEV/ave (MUST be

Density

M/V

Mass typically in grams

volme typically in cm^3 or mL

temperature

density varies with

inverse relationship

pure substances

density is constant for

floating

when something is less dense than 1

what temp measures

average kinetic energy of a sample of matter

Matter

anything that has mass and volume

composed of atoms

Element

Simplest form of matter - cannot be broken down further

 Where, on the Periodic Table would you find the Noble Gases?

Group 18 (VIIIA)

the seven Diatomic Elements

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

alpha particle

helium-4 nucleus

 beta particle

A high-energy electron

gamma radiation

electromagnetic radiation with no mass

joules

what is heat measured in

Water boils

373 K, 100 C, 212 F

Normal Body temp

310K , 37.0 C, 98.6 F

Water freezes

273 K, 0C, 32 F

Crystalline

ordered arrangment of particles

Amorphus

random arrangment

Intermolecular Forces

particles are held in contact by

Pressure

number of simultaneous collisions between gas particles and wall of container

Volume

how much space the gas will take up

temperature

measure of kinetic energy

Planckc Constant

6\.626 x 10^-34 j/Hz

frequency

What is measured in 1/s or Hertz

Speed of light

3\.00 x 10^8 m/s

Visible light spectrum

400nm-700nm

Amplitude

Height of wavelength

Speed of light =

frequency x wavelegnth

S level

1 atomic orbital, 2 electrons

Speed of light

what is measured in m/s

p level

3 atomic orbitals, 6 electrons

d level

5 atomic orbitals, 10 electrons