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Proclamation Line of 1763

British decree forbidding colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent Native American conflict. Major source of colonial resentment.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished Puritan dissenter in Massachusetts Bay who challenged clergy authority by claiming direct personal revelation from God (Antinomianism).

Puritans & the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by religious reformers seeking a theocratic "city upon a hill." Known for strict religious and social conformity and intolerance of dissent.

Tobacco's role in the colonies

The primary cash crop of the Chesapeake colonies (Virginia/Maryland); fueled the demand for labor, leading to the shift from indentured servitude to chattel slavery.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed after the repeal of the Stamp Act; Parliament asserted its absolute power to make laws binding the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

Stamp Act (1765)

First direct tax on the colonists, requiring stamps on printed materials. Led to widespread protests, boycotts, and the Stamp Act Congress.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense

Highly influential 1776 pamphlet that used plain language to convince a mass audience of the necessity of immediate independence and a republican government.

Motives for Europeans to come to North America

Primarily driven by: Religion (seeking freedom/refuge), Economic Gain (gold, trade, cash crops), and Social Mobility (escaping poverty/oppression).

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Successful uprising by the Pueblo people in New Mexico that temporarily drove the Spanish out. Forced Spain to adopt a more tolerant policy upon their return.

Battle of Saratoga

Pivotal Revolutionary War victory (1777) that convinced France to formally recognize American independence and enter the war as a crucial ally.

Navigation Acts (Happened before independence)

British laws designed to enforce Mercantilism by requiring all colonial trade to use British ships and pass through British ports.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Uprising of poor farmers in Virginia against the elite government's failure to protect them from Native Americans. Accelerated the move from indentured servitude to African chattel slavery.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalist laws (1798) that restricted immigrants (Alien) and criminalized criticism of the government (Sedition), aimed at silencing Democratic-Republicans.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the ratification of the Constitution, arguing it created a central government that was too strong and lacked a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Statements drafted by Jefferson and Madison arguing that states had the right of nullification against unconstitutional federal laws (like the Alien and Sedition Acts).

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting near the end of the War of 1812. Seen as unpatriotic after the U.S. victory, it led to the demise of the Federalist Party.

Federalist Papers (1787)

85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to persuade people (especially in New York) to ratify the Constitution.

Impact of the Haitian Revolution in US

Terrified Southern slaveholders (led to stricter slave codes) and inspired Black Americans. Also influenced Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory.

Jefferson's view of the federal government

Favored a limited federal government (strict construction) and an agrarian republic of independent farmers; opposed the National Bank.

Washington's Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

Established the foundational foreign policy of non-interventionism by declaring the U.S. would not take sides in the war between Britain and France.

Shay's Rebellion

Uprising of indebted Massachusetts farmers (1786–1787); exposed the critical weakness of the Articles of Confederation and spurred the call for the Constitutional Convention.

Compromises made at the Constitutional Convention

Key examples: Great Compromise (bicameral legislature) and Three-Fifths Compromise (counting enslaved people for representation).

Hamilton's Economic Plan

Key parts: Assumption of state debts, creation of a National Bank, and imposing tariffs/excise taxes to stabilize U.S. credit.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the power of Judicial Review—the Court’s right to declare laws unconstitutional.

Pinckney's Treaty impact

1795 treaty with Spain granting the U.S. free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans—vital for Western farmers.

American Colonization Society

Advocated for the gradual abolition of slavery and the resettlement of free Black Americans in Africa (Liberia) as a way to solve the slavery issue while avoiding racial integration.

Female Abolitionists

Women who became active in the movement (e.g., Grimké Sisters, Sojourner Truth), extending their moral authority from the home into the public sphere and simultaneously advancing the cause of women's rights.

Seneca Falls

Site of the first major women's rights convention (1848). Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding social equality and women's suffrage (right to vote).

Canals

Crucial to the transportation revolution; most famously the Erie Canal (1825), which dramatically lowered shipping costs and created a national, interconnected market economy.

Mexican-American War

War (1846–1848) that resulted in the Mexican Cession (U.S. acquisition of New Mexico, Arizona, California, etc.). The new territory immediately ignited the crisis over the expansion of slavery.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 acquisition that doubled the size of the U.S. and secured the Mississippi River. Set the stage for Manifest Destiny and the sectional crisis over slavery's expansion.

Missouri Compromise

(1820) Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the Senate balance; prohibited slavery north of the 36’30

Dred Scott v. Sandford

(1857) Supreme Court ruled that Black people were not citizens and that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories, invalidating the Missouri Compromise.

"Bleeding Kansas"

Period of violent civil conflict (1854–1859) between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers; a result of the Popular Sovereignty policy introduced by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Secession of South Carolina

The first state to leave the Union in December 1860, shortly after Abraham Lincoln's election, directly leading to the formation of the Confederacy.

Compromise of 1850

A package of laws that admitted California as a free state and enforced a stricter Fugitive Slave Act, which intensified Northern opposition to slavery.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave who became the most prominent abolitionist orator and writer; published The North Star and his autobiography, challenging white perceptions of Black Americans.

US Conscription Laws

Federal draft laws during the Civil War. Led to the New York Draft Riots because the wealthy could pay a fee or hire a substitute to avoid service.

Tyranny

Cruel, oppressive, or arbitrary government rule; a term used by colonists to describe the actions of the British crown and Parliament.

Virtual representation

British theory that Parliament members represented all subjects, including colonists, even though the colonists did not vote for them. Colonists rejected this in favor of actual representation.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where a nation seeks to maximize wealth by controlling trade and exporting more than it imports; colonies exist to enrich the mother country.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery immediately and without compensation to slaveholders; a major reform movement of the antebellum period.

Salutary Neglect

British policy of loosely enforcing trade laws (like the Navigation Acts) in the colonies, allowing colonists a significant degree of self-rule before 1763.