C.10

what were different forms of marine technology?

• ships were strengthened with sternpost rubber from China

• navigational instruments: magnetic compass & astrolabes

• understanding of monsoons

who was Captain James Cook?

A British explorer, navigator, and mapmaker

• his 3 expeditions led to a better understanding of the world’s ocean basins, lands, and peoples

Columbian Exchange (15th cent.)

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World

(mass biological exchange globally)

• it permanently altered natural environment

• it eradicated a majority of indigenous peoples

• spread illnesses: smallpox, malaria, measles, whooping cough

• it increased nutrition: cassava, potato, tomato, and corn

what were high demand products from 1450-1700?

• precious metals: gold & silver

• tobacco

• sugar

• textiles

• guns

• cotton

• coffee

• silk

what were Manila galleons?

Spanish galleons—large sailing ships built for trade

• led to an increase for silver in China (currency) and pelts in China, Europe, and North America (luxury item)

what was the Seven Years’ War (1763)?

a global war between Great Britain (with Prussia) and France (with Austria, Russia, and Spain) over colonial power in North America and European territory

what were joint-stock companies?

insurance; privately owned-sponsored by gov; investors holding shares (stocks)

• English East India Company (1600s)

• VOC (Dutch Company)

what was Manila’s role in the trading world?

it was a Spanish colony, and it served as a port city for trade between Asia and the Americas which was mainly in silk and spices