Malignant Tumors

AKA Cachexia

Wasting: ________ is the cancer typical weight- loss, weakness, and loss of appetite (anorexia)

Metastasis

________ frequently targets the liver, lungs, brain, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Cancer

________ may interfere with the body's function (obstruction, destruction of vital tissue, space- occupying lesions)

Hyperchromatic nucleus

the nucleus stains darker than normal.

Carcinomas

________ frequently travel through the lymphatics.

Leiomyosarcoma

________: cancer of the smooth muscle (uterus)

Hypercalcemia

________: cancer makes a parathyroid hormone (PTH) like protein.

glandular tissue

Adenocarcinoma: from ________ (GI mucosa, endometrium)

Clinical signs of diagnosis

________: visible tumor, bleeding, unexplained weight loss, etc.

Sarcoma

________: cancer of the muscle, bone, connective tissue, or fat.

Pleomorphism

________: wide variation in shape or appearance of tumor cells.

Neurologic Abnormalities

________: antibodies associated with lung cancer.

Teratoma

________: germ cell (ovary /testis) layer- derived tumor can have bone, teeth, and rarely form outside the ovary /testis but can happen if it develops from stem cells.

nutrition

Increased ________ can not overcome cancer- induced cachexia.

Monoclonality

________: cancer cells are clones of a singular cancer cell.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

________: cancer of the skeletal muscle.

Osteosarcoma

________: cancer of the bone.

Benign lesions

________ have a capsule and grow by pushing other tissues around them aside.

the loss of muscles and adipose tissue ONLY.

Cachexia results in

Tumor

________ stem cells- "in some cancers, there are so- called "tumor- inducing "cells that basically are cancer stem cells.

Cancer Induced cachexia

________ and anorexia are seen in 50 % of patients.

Mature teratoma

________: benign, usually females.

Immature teratoma

________: malignant usually in the males testis.

monoclonal

If a(n) neoplasm is ________ there is a higher likelihood of cancer.

Malignant tumors

________, A.K.A cancers have specific characteristics not found in benign tumors.

Cancers

________ are named according to their origin.

Metastasis

________ is the most important sign of malignancy.

Carcinoma

________: a malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin.

Cancer

________ can produce substances such as lipolysis and proteolysis- inducing factors and cytokines (TNF and IL- 6) (cellular communication signals) that can affect lipid and protein metabolism.

Anaplasia

poorly differentiated

Pleomorphism

wide variation in shape or appearance of tumor cells

Squamous cell carcinoma

occurs in the skin, mouth, and or esophagus

Adenocarcinoma

from glandular tissue (GI mucosa, endometrium)

Transitional cell carcinoma

Transitional epithelium (urinary tract)

Sarcoma

cancer of the muscle, bone, connective tissue, or fat

Leiomyosarcoma

cancer of the smooth muscle (uterus)

Rhabdomyosarcoma

cancer of the skeletal muscle

Osteosarcoma

cancer of the bone

Chondrosarcoma

cancer of the cartilage

Liposarcoma

cancer of fatty tissue

Teratoma

germ cell (ovary/testis) layer-derived tumor can have bone, teeth, and rarely form outside the ovary/testis but can happen if it develops from stem cells

Immature teratoma

malignant usually in the males testis

Mature teratoma

benign, usually females

Wasting

AKA Cachexia is the cancer typical weight-loss, weakness, and loss of appetite (anorexia)

Hypercalcemia

cancer makes a parathyroid hormone (PTH) like protein

Hormone-like effects

hypoglycemia (insulin-like), Cushing-Syndrome (ACTH-like substance secreted lung cancer)

Neurologic Abnormalities

antibodies associated with lung cancer

acanthosis nigricans

hyperpigmentation of the skin in the groin, neck, and axilla (armpit)

Clinical signs of diagnosis

visible tumor, bleeding, unexplained weight loss, etc

Lab test

abnormal CBC, PSA, CEA

Monoclonality

cancer cells are clones of a singular cancer cell

Tumor stem cells

in some cancers, there are so-called "tumor-inducing" cells that basically are cancer stem cells

Example

Lymphoma

Metastasis, Invasive growth, no capsule, Undifferentiated, Atypical cellular features, Abnormally fast growth, Frequent Necrosis (not enough blood supply)

malignant tumor characteristics

Anaplasia, Pleomorphism, Hyperchromatic nucleus, High Nucleus to Cytoplasm Ratio, Prominent nucleoli

atypical cell features in malignant tumors

Hypercalcemia, Hormone-like effects, Neurologic Abnormalities, Skin Changes (acanthosis nigricans)

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

sarcoma metastasis

travels via the blood