1/140
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
muscle fiber
long slender skeletal muscle cells
myofibril
the elongated contractile protein filaments found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
striations
alternate dark and light bands observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, attributable to the presence and alignment of repeating sarcomere units along myofibrils
muscle fascicle
a bundle of muscle fibers
sarcolemma
muscle cell membrane
transverse tubule
Membranous channel that extends inward from a muscle fiber membrane
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, stores calcium
terminal cisternae
enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.
sarcomere
contractile unit of a myofibril
Z-disc
provides anchorage for thin filaments of a sarcomere, forms the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres
M-line
middle of sarcomere, where myosin thick filaments are anchored/centered
A-band
area that spans the full length thick (myosin) filaments and includes overlapping thin actin filaments
I-band of sarcomere
region of repeating sarcomeres of a myofibril that contains only thin actin (actin)filaments
H-zone of sarcomere
Middle region of sarcomere that contains only thick filaments
sarcomere thin filament
thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere
thick filament
In skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, a filament composed of bundles of myosin molecules.
tropomyosin
covers over myosin binding sites on sarcomere thin filaments in a regulated fashion
troponin
A calcium-binding protein of muscle that regulates tropomyosin's interation with thin filaments
open circulatory system
system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels; hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
single circulatory system
Blood passes through the heart once only in a complete circuit of the body e.g. in a fish
Double circulatory system
the circulation circuit of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
neurogenic heart
A heart that will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from the nervous system
myogenic heart
A type of heart, such as in vertebrate animals, in which heart beats are initiated by specialized muscle cells located within the heart itself.
intercalated discs
specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells containing gap junctions, allowing electrical conduction
sinoatrial node
pacemaker of the heart
atrioventricular valve
either of two one-way heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular node
A specialized mass of conducting cells located in the area between the right atrium and ventricle of the heart.; delays conduction from atria to ventricle region
atrial systole
contraction of the atria
atrial diastole
relaxation of the atria
ventricular systole
contraction of ventricles
ventricular diastole
relaxation of the ventricles
semilunar valve
a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
aortic valve
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
plasma
Fluid portion of blood
erythrocyte
red blood cell, contains hemoglobin for oxygen transport
leukocyte
white blood cell, plays a role in immune function
platelet
thrombocyte- a cell fragment that helps blood clot
artery
A thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
arteriole
branches of arteries that have endothelia lined with thin layer of smooth muscle
capillary
A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.
venule
small vein with endothelium and thin connective tissue sheath
vein
A large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
pulmonary respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung gas exchange circuit and capillaries
internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues of the body (other than the lungs)
external gills
Highly branched and folded outer extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water
internal gills
Structures enclosed in protective body cavities that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes.
tracheae (insects)
tubes leading from the spiracle openings to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.
external gills
Highly branched and folded outer extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water
internal gills
Structures enclosed in protective body cavities that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes.
tracheae (insects)
tubes leading from the spiracle openings to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.
operculum
A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes
gill arches
a series of bony structures present in fish, which support the gills
gill filaments
long thin structures that extend from each gill arch
gill lamellae
stacked flat structures arranged at right angles to gill filaments, which increase the surface area of the fish gills and provide for countercurrent exchange
countercurrent exchange
the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
lungs
a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest cavity (thorax)
tidal ventilation
A breathing technique in most land vertebrates in which air is drawn into the lungs during inhalation and moved out during exhalation by the same path.
positive pressure breathing/ventilation
A breathing system used by amphibians in which air is pushed by muscular contraction into the lungs.
negative pressure breathing
A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs when the thoracic (chest) cavity volume is expanded.
Boyle's Law
pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related
trachea (vertebrates)
transmits air from pharynx to bronchi of lungs
bronchi
two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
bronchioles
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
flow through ventilation
the pattern of single-direction airflow over the gas exchange system during breathing in birds
electrolytes
minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance
obligatory exchanges
exchanges (sometimes detrimental) that occur between an organism and its environment in order for it to conduct an essential function (such as breathing or waste elimination)
nitrogenous wastes
products of cellular metabolism that contain nitrogen, such as urea, uric acid, and ammonia
ammonia
A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
urea
moderately toxic nitrogenous waste excreted in urine in mammals, amphibians, sharks and many bony fish
uric acid
relatively non-toxic, low solubility nitrogenous waste produced by birds, most reptiles and snails
protonephridia
networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs in flatworms that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside
metanephridia
excretory tubes in each segment of annelid worms
Malpighian tubules
tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the intestine in arthropods
kidney
organ in vertebrates that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter
ureter
A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
urinary bladder
saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
renal medulla
inner region of the kidney
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter
nephron
tubular functional filtration unit of the kidney
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
first segment of the nephron between the glomerular capsule loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
the part of a kidney tubule between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that is engaged in countercurrent multiplication to form a solute gradient in the kidney medulla
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
segment of the nephron between the Loop of Henle and the collecting duct
peritubular capillaries
The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney
vasa recta
the capillary system in the kidney that serves the loop of Henle
collecting duct
the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from nephrons and concentrated before delivery into the renal pelvis
glomerulus
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.
Bowman's capsule
cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.
podocytes
cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus
filtration slits
Gaps between podocyte processes surrounding the glomerulus
fenestrations
pores through endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries that prevent movement of blood cells and large proteins into Bowman's capsule.
glomerular filtration
the hydrostatic pressure-driven passage of water and water-soluble small molecules from the plasma into Bowman's capsule
nephron reabsorption
Active or Passive, moving things out of nephron tubule back to blood
nephron secretion
the transfer of excess solutes/wastes from the blood vasculature directly through the walls of the nephron tubule into the nephron filtrate
parthenogenesis
Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.