Bio Exam 3

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141 Terms

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muscle fiber

long slender skeletal muscle cells

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myofibril

the elongated contractile protein filaments found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

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striations

alternate dark and light bands observed in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, attributable to the presence and alignment of repeating sarcomere units along myofibrils

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muscle fascicle

a bundle of muscle fibers

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sarcolemma

muscle cell membrane

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transverse tubule

Membranous channel that extends inward from a muscle fiber membrane

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sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

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sarcoplasmic reticulum

specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, stores calcium

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terminal cisternae

enlarged areas of the sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules.

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sarcomere

contractile unit of a myofibril

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Z-disc

provides anchorage for thin filaments of a sarcomere, forms the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres

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M-line

middle of sarcomere, where myosin thick filaments are anchored/centered

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A-band

area that spans the full length thick (myosin) filaments and includes overlapping thin actin filaments

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I-band of sarcomere

region of repeating sarcomeres of a myofibril that contains only thin actin (actin)filaments

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H-zone of sarcomere

Middle region of sarcomere that contains only thick filaments

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sarcomere thin filament

thin strands of actin and its troponin-tropomyosin complex projecting from the Z-discs toward the center of the sarcomere

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thick filament

In skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, a filament composed of bundles of myosin molecules.

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tropomyosin

covers over myosin binding sites on sarcomere thin filaments in a regulated fashion

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troponin

A calcium-binding protein of muscle that regulates tropomyosin's interation with thin filaments

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open circulatory system

system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels; hemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.

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closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

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single circulatory system

Blood passes through the heart once only in a complete circuit of the body e.g. in a fish

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Double circulatory system

the circulation circuit of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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neurogenic heart

A heart that will not beat unless it receives regular electrical impulses from the nervous system

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myogenic heart

A type of heart, such as in vertebrate animals, in which heart beats are initiated by specialized muscle cells located within the heart itself.

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intercalated discs

specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells containing gap junctions, allowing electrical conduction

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sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

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atrioventricular valve

either of two one-way heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

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atrioventricular node

A specialized mass of conducting cells located in the area between the right atrium and ventricle of the heart.; delays conduction from atria to ventricle region

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atrial systole

contraction of the atria

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atrial diastole

relaxation of the atria

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ventricular systole

contraction of ventricles

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ventricular diastole

relaxation of the ventricles

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semilunar valve

a valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle

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aortic valve

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

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pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle

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plasma

Fluid portion of blood

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erythrocyte

red blood cell, contains hemoglobin for oxygen transport

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leukocyte

white blood cell, plays a role in immune function

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platelet

thrombocyte- a cell fragment that helps blood clot

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artery

A thick walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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arteriole

branches of arteries that have endothelia lined with thin layer of smooth muscle

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capillary

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

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venule

small vein with endothelium and thin connective tissue sheath

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vein

A large blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

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pulmonary respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lung gas exchange circuit and capillaries

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internal respiration

exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues of the body (other than the lungs)

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external gills

Highly branched and folded outer extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water

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internal gills

Structures enclosed in protective body cavities that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes.

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tracheae (insects)

tubes leading from the spiracle openings to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.

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external gills

Highly branched and folded outer extensions of the body surface that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water

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internal gills

Structures enclosed in protective body cavities that provide a large surface area for gas exchange with water; typical of mollusks, arthropods, and fishes.

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tracheae (insects)

tubes leading from the spiracle openings to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.

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operculum

A protective flap that covers the gills of fishes

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gill arches

a series of bony structures present in fish, which support the gills

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gill filaments

long thin structures that extend from each gill arch

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gill lamellae

stacked flat structures arranged at right angles to gill filaments, which increase the surface area of the fish gills and provide for countercurrent exchange

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countercurrent exchange

the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.

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lungs

a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest cavity (thorax)

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tidal ventilation

A breathing technique in most land vertebrates in which air is drawn into the lungs during inhalation and moved out during exhalation by the same path.

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positive pressure breathing/ventilation

A breathing system used by amphibians in which air is pushed by muscular contraction into the lungs.

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negative pressure breathing

A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs when the thoracic (chest) cavity volume is expanded.

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Boyle's Law

pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related

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trachea (vertebrates)

transmits air from pharynx to bronchi of lungs

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bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

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bronchioles

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

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alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

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flow through ventilation

the pattern of single-direction airflow over the gas exchange system during breathing in birds

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electrolytes

minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance

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obligatory exchanges

exchanges (sometimes detrimental) that occur between an organism and its environment in order for it to conduct an essential function (such as breathing or waste elimination)

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nitrogenous wastes

products of cellular metabolism that contain nitrogen, such as urea, uric acid, and ammonia

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ammonia

A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.

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urea

moderately toxic nitrogenous waste excreted in urine in mammals, amphibians, sharks and many bony fish

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uric acid

relatively non-toxic, low solubility nitrogenous waste produced by birds, most reptiles and snails

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protonephridia

networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs in flatworms that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside

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metanephridia

excretory tubes in each segment of annelid worms

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Malpighian tubules

tubules that excrete metabolic wastes into the intestine in arthropods

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kidney

organ in vertebrates that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood and passes them to the ureter

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ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

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urinary bladder

saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted

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urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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renal cortex

outer layer of the kidney

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renal medulla

inner region of the kidney

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renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

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nephron

tubular functional filtration unit of the kidney

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proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

first segment of the nephron between the glomerular capsule loop of Henle

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Loop of Henle

the part of a kidney tubule between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that is engaged in countercurrent multiplication to form a solute gradient in the kidney medulla

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distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

segment of the nephron between the Loop of Henle and the collecting duct

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peritubular capillaries

The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney

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vasa recta

the capillary system in the kidney that serves the loop of Henle

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collecting duct

the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from nephrons and concentrated before delivery into the renal pelvis

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glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.

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Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

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podocytes

cells in the Bowman's capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

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filtration slits

Gaps between podocyte processes surrounding the glomerulus

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fenestrations

pores through endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries that prevent movement of blood cells and large proteins into Bowman's capsule.

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glomerular filtration

the hydrostatic pressure-driven passage of water and water-soluble small molecules from the plasma into Bowman's capsule

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nephron reabsorption

Active or Passive, moving things out of nephron tubule back to blood

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nephron secretion

the transfer of excess solutes/wastes from the blood vasculature directly through the walls of the nephron tubule into the nephron filtrate

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parthenogenesis

Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.