Human Reproduction

Define: Puberty

Teenage body has physical changes, matures into an adult body, and capable of sexual reproduction.
Females: estrogen and progesterone
Males: testosterone

Stages of Pregnancy: Conception

1. Ovary releases egg.
2. ~100 sperm surround egg, egg allows one sperm to enter.
3. Zygote (sperm cell united with egg cell) implants to uterine lining (endometrium).
4. The person is pregnant!

Stages of Pregnancy: 1st Trimester

1. Fetus is size of a ping pong ball.
2. Forms a spine and backbone.
3. Heart functioning.
4. Begins process of sex differentiation (develops testes or ovaries, can take an ultrasound to find out sex).

Stages of Pregnancy: 2nd Trimester

1. Fetus can hiccup.
2. Eyes open for first time.
3. Pregnant person feels fetal movement.

Stages of Pregnancy: 3rd Trimester

1. Fetus nearing birth weight, ~6-9 lbs.
2. Fetus’ fat layers forming.
3. Lungs mature.

Stages of Pregnancy: Labor

1. Initiated by fetus, contractions of uterus start due to special labor hormones.
2. Baby pushed out of vagina due to contractions.
3. Placenta (afterbirth) is delivered.
-Organ that forms in womb and connected to baby through umbilical cord, provides oxygen and nutrients.

Testicle(s)

sperm and testosterone production

Epididymis

sperm matures and stored until ejaculation

Scrotum

controls temperature of testicles

Vas deferens

mixing tube: sperm+fluid=semen

Prostate gland

produces fluid for semen to protect sperm from vagina

Bladder

urine storage

Seminal vesicle

produces fluid for semen to give sperm energy

Cowper’s gland

produces pre-cum to wash out urethra

Urethra

opening for all fluids

Penis

blood vessels, nerves, erectile tissue, delivers semen

Foreskin

protecting gland with many nerves

Ovaries

produce estrogen and house ovum (eggs)

Fallopian tubes

fertilization happens and high hormones

Uterus

developing fetus grows, size of fist

Endometrium

uterine lining (menstrual period)

Cervix (os-opening)

upper birth canal

Vagina

lower birth canal/sex/menstrual flow leaves body

Clitoris

most sensitive and most nerves

Clitoral hood

protects clitoris

Inner and outer labia

lots of nerves/sensitivity (pleasure)

Menstrual Cycle Stages: Menarche

first menstrual period

Menstrual Cycle Stages: Menses

monthly menstrual period

Menstrual Cycle Stages: Follicular phase

Starts first day of period, changing hormone levels cause uterus to thicken and follicles grow on surface of the ovaries.
(Usually one follicle will mature into an egg)

Menstrual Cycle Stages: Ovulation

Mature egg is released from ovary, 2 weeks after period starts, high sex drive, increase discharge from vagina, body trying to get pregnant.

Menstrual Cycle Stages: Luteal Phase

Egg travels through fallopian tubes to uterus. Uterus lining continues to thicken and prepares for pregnancy.

Common types of Contraception/Birth Control (How do they work?)

Contains hormones (estrogen/progesterone) that prevent an egg from being released from the ovary, preventing ovulation. Also thickens mucus around the cervix, makes it harder for sperm to swim.

1. Birth Control Pills
2. Vaginal Ring
3. Plan B (Emergency)
4. Shot
5. IUD