McGraw Hill Connect - Exam 1

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Ubiquitous

Present or existing everywhere

Photosynthesis

- Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

- Light fueled conversion of CO2 into organic material.

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

No oxygen produced in photosynthesis

Genetic Engineering

Manipulation of genetic microbes, plants, and animals to modify organisms

Recombinant DNA technology

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product.

Pathogen

- Infectious agent

- Causes disease or illness

Sterile

Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses

Louis Pasteur

- A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

- Introduced the germ theory.

- Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria.

- Contributed to the understanding of microbial role in wine, beer, and milk.

Robert Koch

- Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens.

- Verified the germ theory.

Six major groups of microorganisms

- Bacteria

- Helminths (worms)

- Protozoa

- Fungi

- Algae

- Viruses ( can infect all of the above)

Helminth

A parasitic worm (Ex. Tapeworm, Liver fluke, Ascarid, or Leech).

Immunology

Study of host response to infection

Epidemiology

- Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

- Study of community health.

Geomicrobiology

Study of microbes in the earth's crust

Biotechnology

- A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

- The use of microbes of their products for commercial or industrial purposes.

Virus

- Acellular microbes that are comprised of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.

- Uses an infected host cells genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly.

- Nonliving agents that require a host cell to complete their life cycle.

Binomial System of Nomenclature

Scientific name combination starting with the generic name and ending with the species name

Archaea

- Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan.

- Prokaryotic single celled organism of primitive origin that are capable of living in extreme or very harsh environments.

Peptidoglycan

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid.

Whittaker system of classification

- Kingdoms based on cell structure and type, body organization and nutritional type

~ Plantae

~ Protista

~ Monera

~ Fungi

~ Animalia

Levels of classification (largest to smallest)

~ Domain

~ Kingdom

~ Phylum

~ Class

~ Order

~ Family

~ Genus

~ Species

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Woese fox system of classification

Domain eukarya, domain bacteria, domain archaea

Biofilm

~ A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

~ Accumulation of bacteria and other microbes on surfaces

Holmes and Semmelweis

~ Showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians who had been working in the autopsy rooms.

~ Two physicians who recognized that humans can transfer infections to each other.

T/F: Scientific names are italicized and printed documents.

True

Nomenclature

Assignments of scientific names to various taxonomic categories and individual organisms.

Varion

Virus particle that is not inside of a host cell

Bioremediation

Introducing microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants (ex. oil spills)

Staphylococcus belongs to?

Domain bacteria

Tyndall & Cohn

Two scientists who discovered heat resistant forms of bacteria called endospores

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics/aseptic technique. (1827-1912)

Inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Restriction Enzymes

- Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.

- Allowing microbiologists to isolate specific pieces of DNA for transfer into other cells.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

- A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

- Allows us to amplify tiny amounts of DNA, creating a powerful tool for Dx, forensics, and microbial investigation.

Spontaneous Generation

Hypothesis stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.

Bacteriology

Study of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

Mycology

Study of fungi

Phycology

Study of algae

Protozoology

Study of protozoa

Virology

Study of viruses

Immunology

Study of immune health/the immune system

The rule of ___ can be paraphrased as "like dissolves like"

Solubility

___________ ________ are the building blocks of proteins and they exist in ____ different naturally occurring forms.

Amino acids ; 20

Four levels of protein organization

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

Pure water in considered neutral since it has a pH of

7

-7 is the neutral # for pH, the higher the more basic and the lower the more acidic

What macromolecule exemplified by glycogen, is involved in the energy storage, nutrient storage, structural support and protection?

Carbohydrates

________________ is a long, fibrous polymer composed of glucose found in plants and algae.

Cellulose

_______ is a polysaccharide found in seaweed that is used to make solid culture media.

Agar

A polymer of glucosamine that makes up the exoskeletons of certain fungi is called

Chitin

_____________________ is a network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the structural support of bacterial cell walls.

Peptidoglycan

Peptides

Short chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules (simple sugars)

Carbohydrates function

main source of energy (short term)

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 macromolecules

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Chains of amino acids

_______ in gram-negative bacterial cell walls is also known as endotoxin, and it causes fever and shock in the host.

Lipopolysaccharide

The outer coating of polysaccharides found on some bacteria that functions in the attachment to other cells, protection or communication is called the ________________.

Glycocalyx

____________, like cellulose, is a polymer of glucose but in this case, it is a branching chain.

Starch

___________ is a glucose polymer stored by cells.

Glycogen

Lipids encompass which four of the following groups of compounds?

Steroids, Waxes, Phospholipids, Triglycerides

Triglycerides are composed of a single molecule of _________ bound to three ________ ________.

Glycerol ; Fatty Acids

_________ ________ are long hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end.

Fatty Acids

__________ fats have hydrocarbon chains with at least one double bond.

Unsaturated

solid fats are more _____ than liquid oils.

Saturated

When triglycerides are acted on by lipases, the _______ and ______ are freed to be used in metabolism.

Fatty Acids ; Glycerol

Fatty Acids

Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms that make up most lipids

Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

_________ _______ are the type of macromolecules that yield the most energy per molecule.

Fatty acids

Phospholipids have a _____ charged head and a _____ uncharged tail.

Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic

_____________ bilayer formation is significant in membrane formation and contributes to the selective permeability and fluid nature of membranes.

Phospholipid

A membrane is composed primarily of ________ & ________.

Lipids and Proteins

___________ are a class of ring shaped compounds that are commonly identified as animal hormones and cell membrane components in animals and fungi.

Steroids

Which molecules functions to reinforce the membranes of animal cells?

Cholesterol

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

What is NOT a characteristic of wax?

Complex ringed compound

___________ are the predominant organic macromolecules in cells and are responsible for their structure, behavior, and unique qualities.

Proteins

Proteins are polymers composed of building blocks called __________ _______.

Amino Acids

Various combinations composed of amino acids make up a nearly infinite variety of __________.

Proteins

The _______________ bond is a ________________ bond that forms between the two amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another amino acid.

Peptide

Peptide

Short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

The type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain describe its ____________ structure.

Primary

The formation of hydrogen bonds that result in the formation of alpha-helices or beta-sheets constitutes a protein's _______ structure.

Secondary

A protein's ___________ structure is the most complex protein structure and is characterized as the overall three-dimensional shape of a large protein composed of multiple polypeptide chains.

Quaternary

The complete set of genetic information for a cell is carried in a molecule called

DNA

The nucleic acid responsible for carrying out the hereditary program transmitted by an organism's DNA is called

RNA

Components of a nucleotide

Phosphate group, 5 carbon (pentose) sugar, Nitrogenous base

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

DNA & RNA are made up of repeating monomers called _________.

Nucleotides

The backbone of DNA is a chain of altering ____________ and ___________ molecules.

Alternating sugar & phosphate molecules

mRNA (messenger RNA)

The form of RNA which is created as a blueprint from DNA; carries instructions for making a protein

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

ATP is a molecule containing the nitrogenous base __________, ribose, and 3 phosphates.

Adenine

Polysaccharides contribute to, serve, or serve as

- Nutrient storage

- Structural Support

- Energy stores

- Protection