Lecture 10 Individuation and Socialization

the early development of self is called what?

individuation: emergence and growth of individualtiy

what are the two complementary themes in personality and social development?

individuation and socialization

individuation is the process through which the child becomes _______, _______, and ________.

separate, unique, and different

broadly speaking, what does individuation entail (4 concepts)?

- development of the sense of self
- formation of identity
- the pursuit of individual aspirations
- forging a unique direction and destiny

the integration of the individual and the social world / the process through which the child becomes connected with others and part of the social world is referred to as

socialization

broadly speaking, socialization entails the following 3 concepts:

- transmission of beliefs, behaviors, and values deemed important by other members of society, and thus promoting effective internalization of shared family or societal rules and the perpetuation of the social order across generations

- transmission of competencies and skills

- formation of bonds with one's social environment (other people, family, culture)

there are examples of studied processes for what?

- development of self
- temperament
- achievement

studied processes of individuation

there are examples of studied processes for what?

- social cognition
- sociability and peer relations
- empathy and altruism
- morality
- internalization of values
- attachment

studied processes of socialization

socialization and individuation are _________ yet ___________; both contribute to _________.

opposite yet complementary; adaptive development

what are the two aspects of self (individuation)?

I and me

what is the ontological self?

the self of first-person experience and explores the possibility that this aspect of self might exist in an immaterial form. Development of self awareness? part of philosophy that deals with questions about the nature of what exists and how different aspects are being related to one another.

the process of enhancing oneself via individuation can be seen in this behavior:

striving for achievement

thinking about others and the social world is referred to as (socialization)

social cognition

sociability and peer relations, forming/maintaining friendships (socialization) - process of

interacting with others

development of empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior - this is referred to as what in socialization?

forming bonds with others

aggression and antisocial behavior can be referred to as

moving against others and the world

when it comes to aggression what subsections of psychology contain theories relating to this concept?

psychoanalytic, cognitive, learning, and ecological

the theory of the self can be appointed to this psychologist:

William James

this refers to the self as the knower; awareness of one's own existance; ex: "that I am"

the "I"

this refers to the self as known; ex: "who I am, what I am like"

the "Me"

does the subject of reflection refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "I"

does the sense of agency refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "I"

does the sense of uniqueness of experience refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "I"

does the sense of being distinct from non-self refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "I"

does the sense of individuality refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "I"

does the sense of coherence and sameness in space and time refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "I"

does the object of reflection refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "Me"

does self-recognition / self-image refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "Me"

does self-evaluation refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "Me"

does self-esteem refer to the development of "I" or "Me"?

development of "Me"

which is basic, fundamental - "I" or "Me"

"I" (key facts)

which concept does not change much over time - "I" or "Me"

"I" (key facts)

which concept is primary, emerges first - "I" or "Me"

"I" (key facts)

which concept emerges later - "I" or "Me"

"Me" (key facts)

which concept changes very much developmentally - "I" or "Me"

"Me" (key facts)

when does self begin? How does Piaget think the "I" develops and when?

at 1-4 months, infants repeat pleasurable acts on their own bodies,

at 4-8 months - on other objects

this is referred to as a BASIC SENSE OF AGENCY.

when does self begin? How do Watson and Ramey (1972) and Rovee-Collier (1995) think the "I" develops and when?

By 2 months, infants show delight at causing mobiles to move and distress when unable to do so.

this is referred to as a SENSE OF PERSONAL AGENCY

see Huck vs. Mobile

when does self begin? How does Lewis think the "Me" develops and when?

At 15-18 months, the Rouge Test. Rouge is put on the babies noses and placed in front of a mirror to see if they recognize themselves / experience embarrassment

according to Kagen, what stage of life is crucial for developmental context and why?

toddlerhood (development of self in the second and third years) is important for the emergence of self

what pivotal developmental points occur during toddlerhood in relation to the development of self?

by the second/third year children should be able to:

- describe one's own behavior
- experience self-recognition (rouge test?)
- use of pronouns, I, me, mine
- self-conscious emotions (guilt, pride, shame)
- emergence of standards for self -> origins of conscience
- awareness of own feelings -> empathy, compassion
- beginning of "categorical self"

in toddlerhood what self conscious emotions should children develop?

guilt, pride, shame

when does the beginning of categorical self occur

in toddlerhood (2nd and 3rd years of life)

what are some of the developmental tradeoffs of toddlerhood (emergence of self)?

1. sense of possession -> (leads to _________)
2. emergence of autonomy -> (leads to _________)

1. object conflicts ("this toy is mine")
2. resisting parental influence ("NO")

*note the intertwined themes of individuation and socialization

a study conducted by Stipek, Gralinski, & Knopp in 1990 looked at what?

the developmental sequence of emerging self in toddlerhood (14-40 months)

how was the study conducted by Stipek, Gralinski, & Knopp?

Mothers reported, for 28 behaviors, whether their children:

- did not show a behavior
- sort of showed
- definitely showed

Stipek, Gralinski, & Knopp - developmental sequence (3 steps)

1. physical self-recognition
2. self-description (both neutral and evaluative)
3. emotional response to wrongdoing and self-regulation

what does Erikson believe develops at the preschool age?

sense of initiative, 3 to 6

at the preschool age what concept emerges?

emergence of the categorical self

emergence of the categorical self definition

placing oneself along dimensions on which people differ e.g., age, gender

the categories of self-description that occur within the emergence of the categorical self are mostly what?

activity based (but they make psychological sense)

a study conducted by Rebecca Eder (1990) asked this question -

Do young children have stable psychological self-concepts?

Rebecca Eder's study about childrens self-concept stability contained the following:

Two puppets, 50 paired statements; 3 1/2 year-olds

Puppet 1: I usually play with friends
Puppet 2: I usually play by myself
Researcher: How about you?

Eder's study noted that self-descriptions indicated underlying _____________?

meaningful psychological dimensions (e.g., sociability, self-control, inhibition, self-acceptance)

what did Rebecca Eder find in regards to childrens self concepts? were they stable?

they were stable over 1 month (rs from .36 to .70)

in conclusion rebecca eder's study found that:

even 3-4 year olds have psychological selves of some stability, and can place themselves along the dimensions on which people differ

at the preschool age, aside from the categorical self, what else emerges?

the emergence of the private self

the emergence of the private self at the preschool age is defined as:

when children begin to acquire the distinction between the public and the inner, private self.