exam 1 A&P

Whole Blood VS. Fractionated Blood

Whole blood = untreated , Fractionated blood= Anticoagulant added

plasma vs serum

plasma = has clotting factors , serum = no clotting factors

2 main components of blood?

plasma and formed elements

3 cell types in blood?

Red blood cell (erythrocyte), platelets (thrombocyte), white blood cell (leukocyte)

heme is found in what

hemoglobin

how many molecules of O2 can hemoglobin bind

4

how many molecules of O2 can a sub-unit bind

1

how many sub-units are in hemoglobin

4

where does carbon dioxide bind to?

chain not the heme

how many molecules can hemoglobin transport at a time?

1 molecule

where does O2 bind to in hemoglobin?

O2 binds to heme group

red waves penetrate? (how deep?)

deep

blue waves penetrate? (how deep?)

shallow

hemoglobin W/ little to no O2 is called? (dark red)

Deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin W/ O2 bound (Bright red)

oxyhemoglobin

what is the 1st stem cell?

hemocytoblast

what triggers red blood cell production?

drop in O2 levels

what is diapedesis?

process in which white blood cells leave circulation, squeeze through vessels, and go to damaged tissue

what attracts wbc to tissue

the chemical released

low leukocyte levels?

leukopenia

high leukocyte levels

leukocytosis

high immature leukocyte levels

leukemia

what are the types of platelets

\* activated , - unactivated

what is thrombopoesis?

production of platelets

low platelet levels?

thrombocytopenia

high platelet levels

thrombocytosis

what is hemostasis?

the stopping of a bleeding blood vessel

what are the branches of clotting cascade?

extrinsic pathway , intrinsic pathway

what is extrinsic pathway? (length, clotting factors, speed, location)

short, few clotting factors, fast, extravasular

what is intrinsic pathway? (length, clotting factors, speed, location)

long, many clotting factors, slow, intravascular

what activates factor 10?

the pathways

What are the 3 blood vessel types?

Arteries, Capillaries, veins

blood vessel cells are referred to as:

endothelium

vessels that go away from the heart

Arteries (Large) (get smaller and branch)

what vessel is derived from arteries

capillaries

what happens at Capillaries

Gas exchange

vessel that goes back to heart

veins

connection where veins and artery’s meet

cappilaries

what side pumps oxygenated blood

left

what side pumps deoxygenated blood

right

vessel that pumps deoxygenated blood (heart to lungs)

pulmonary artery

vessel that pumps oxygenated blood (lungs to heart)

pulmonary vein

pathway that pumps blood ( heart to lungs to heart)

Pulmonary pathway

Pathway that pumps (heart to body to heart)

Systemic pathway

What is the percent of blood found in system pathway

64%

what vessel stores the most blood

veins

order of vascular system

greater arteries> larger arteries> small arteries> arterioles> capillaries > venules > smaller veins> larger veins> greater veins

heart squeezing

systolic pressure (high pressure)

heart relaxing

diastolic pressure (low pressure)

what do only large veins have

valves

as veins go to the heart how is the width effected

vessel gets larger

inter most layer (in all 3 vessels)

tunica intima/interna

middle layer (smooth muscle)

tunica media

2 fibers of connective tissue that is in tunica interna

collogen + elastic fibers

which vessel needs 2 sheets of elastic

artery

outer layer of blood vessel

tunica extrena

another name for elastic layer

conduction layer

another name for muscular layer

distributing layer

contraction does what to blood flow

slows down blood flow (blood pressure rises)

expansion does what to blood flow

speeds up blood flow (blood pressure goes down)

what kind of blood flow in capillaries do we want

slow blood flow

what effects the flow through capillaries

arterioles

what is in capillaries

endothelium and tunica intima

what is in veins

endothelium, tunica intima (connective tissue), tunica media (muscle), tunica externa

what is in arteries

endothelium, tunica intima (connective tissue), elastic, tunica media (muscle+elastic), elastic, tunica externa

what do venules consist of?

all 3 layers but the walls are porous (thin walls)

what do venules do

help white blood cells be able to move to tissues

where is most of the blood contained in the body

veins

main protein in plasma?

albumin

most abundant protein in plasma

albumin

what innervates the tunica media

the sympathetic nervous system

which blood vessel contains the greatest level of resistance

arterioles

main protein in plasma

albumin

what does albumin do

helps to bring molecules through blood vessels walls. (aids in osmosis)

hydrostatic pressure is what

the pressure against the walls in a closed system

osmotic pressure

proteins pull in H2O (same pressure throughout)

fluid out of blood vessel

filtration

fluid into blood vessel

reabsorbtion

what is blood flow

the volume of blood being moved

what is blood velocity

the speed at which the blood moves (distance/time)

blood flow formula

flow = pressure/ resistance

relationship between pressure and blood flow

as blood flow goes up, pressure goes up (synchronize) (up-up) (down-down)

relationship between resistance and blood flow

as resistance increases, blood flow decreases (inverse) (up-down) (down-up)

what alters resistance

vasoconstriction

cardiac output formula

Cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

resistance is influenced by?

viscosity (thickness), radius, length, compliance (obstruction of the vessels or elasticity of the vessels compromised from disease

strings in the valves are called

chordae tendinae

why do the valves not let blood flow backwards into the atrium from the ventricle when there is great pressure

chordae tendinae the strings help from the valves inverting

when the heart contracts its called

systole (squeezes)

when the heart relaxes its called

diastole

how many flaps does the pulmonary trunk have

3

left AV valve has how many cusps

2

right AV valve has how many cusps

3

mitral valve has how many cusps

2

what side has a thicker ventricle

left side

what are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

atrial systole, ventricle systole, complete diastole

what happens in atrial systole

atrium fills with blood and contracts

what valves are open and closed in atrial systole

right AV valve (open) pulmonary semi lunar valve (closed)

what happens in ventricle systole

ventricle fills up with blood then pushes up starting at the apex to contract sending the blood up to the pulmonary artery

what valves are open and closed in ventricle systole

Right AV valve (closed) pulmonary semi lunar valve (open)